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ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG
Testing of plastics and rubber

Testing of plastics and rubber

Product catalog summary

Company Overview
The Zwick-Roell Group, established in 1992 and incorporated in 2001, specializes in materials testing systems. It includes companies like Zwick, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd., and Acmel Labo, offering solutions from manual hardness testers to complex robotic systems. The acquisition of GTM and Messphysik enhanced their expertise in force and elongation measurement. The company is ISO 9001 certified and operates accredited calibration laboratories.

Plastics and Rubbers
Plastics: Originating with Parkesine in 1861, plastics have evolved significantly. They are derived from petroleum and categorized into thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, and elastomers. Thermoplastics soften when heated, thermosetting plastics are cross-linked and do not melt, and elastomers are cross-linked polymers with elastic properties.
Rubbers: Natural rubber was discovered in the 16th century, with vulcanization by Goodyear in the 19th century enhancing its use. Synthetic rubber, developed in the 20th century, now makes up 70% of global production.

Testing Systems and Procedures
The document outlines testing systems for plastics and rubbers, including tensile, flexural, and tear tests, adhering to standards like ISO 527-2 and ISO 37. Zwick-Roell provides equipment such as material testing machines and high-speed testers, supported by software like testXpert® II for data analysis.

Standards and Equipment Overview
The catalogue emphasizes standardized testing for mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, highlighting the CAMPUS® system for material preselection and the significance of ISO standards.

Testing Specifications

Tear Test: Conducted on SBR and PUR materials using ISO 34-1 and ISO 8067 standards.
Tensile Test: Performed on CRP, PUR, and PVC film materials following ISO 527-4, ISO 1798, and ISO 527-3 standards.
Interlaminar Shear Test: Executed on CRP material according to ISO 14130.
Indentation Hardness Test: Applied to PUR material under ASTM D 3574 - B1 standard.

Sample Preparation

Specimens are prepared through injection or compression molding, with parameters affecting material behavior.
ISO 3167 defines a multipurpose specimen for various tests.
Machining is required for semi-finished and finished parts, adhering to ISO 2818.

Equipment and Tools

Zwick Notch Cutter ZNO: Used for notching plastic specimens.
Strip Cutter: Allows precise cutting of strip-type specimens.
Cutting Presses: Available for different specimen shapes.

Specimen Dimensions and Standards

Detailed dimensions and shapes for specimens are provided for different materials and tests.
Standards such as ISO 527, ASTM D 638, and ISO 37 are referenced.

Plastic Piping Specifications
Specifications for plastic piping focus on PVC and polyolefin pipes, referencing ISO standards for testing.

Dimension Measurement
Accurate measurement of specimen dimensions is crucial for reproducibility, guided by standards like ISO 178 and ASTM D 3767.

Material Testing Machines
Zwick produces machines for material testing with capacities up to 6000 kN, describing different machine lines like ProLine, zwicki-Line, and Allround-Line.

Testing Procedures
Details procedures for tensile, compression, and flexural tests, emphasizing the importance of using the correct load frames and testing machines.

Standards and Recommendations
Highlights the importance of adhering to standards for accurate testing, such as ISO 527-1 for tensile tests.

Load Frames and Drives
Different load frame versions are available for various test loads, with specific designs for testing soft foams and large parts.

Specifications
1. Testing Machines: Specifications for various series of testing machines, including tabletop and floor-standing models.
2. Load Cells: Available for precise load measurement, offering features like automatic identification and temperature compensation.

Software - testXpert® II
1. Overview: Standardized software for materials testing, compatible with various hardware.
2. Features: Includes wizards for test setup and supports data export.
3. Graphical Sequence Editor: Allows users to design custom test procedures.

Specimen Grips and Tooling
1. Types and Applications: Various grips are available for tensile, creep, and cyclic tests.
2. Force Transfer and Gripping Force: Explains the principles of force transfer between specimens and grips.
3. Gripping Jaw Features: Different jaw surfaces and travel capabilities are discussed.

Overview
Detailed information on various types of specimen grips and testing equipment used in material testing.

1. Specimen Grips

Hydraulic Grips: Used for average to high test loads.
Pneumatic Grips: Suitable for low to average test loads.
Wedge-Screw Grips: Combine screw and wedge grips.
Screw Grips: Operated manually via screw drive.
Pincer Grips: Ideal for soft, extensible materials.
Spring Loaded Grips: Suitable for low force tests.

2. Testing Equipment

Indentation Hardness: Equipment for testing flexible cellular materials.
Compression Properties: Tools for testing square specimens.
Ring Testing Device: Used for rubber rings.
Flexure Tests: Equipment for 3-point and 4-point flexure tests.
Compression Test Fixtures: Includes Celanese and hydraulic fixtures.
Friction Coefficient Determination: Equipment for measuring static and dynamic friction coefficients.
Peel and Puncture Tests: Devices for evaluating adhesive forces and puncture resistance.

3. Extensometers

Analogue Clip-on Extensometers: High-resolution devices for precise tensile modulus measurement.
Digital Clip-on Extensometers: Offer high resolution and long test travel.
Macro Extensometer: Used for tensile, compression, and flexure tests.
MultiXtens Extensometer: A multifunctional system for a wide range of tests.
OptiXtens Extensometer: An optical system using Laser Speckle method.

4. Key Specifications

Load Range: Varies from 0.02 kN to 250 kN depending on the grip type.
Temperature Range: From -70°C to +250°C.
Applications: Suitable for testing sheets, strips, tapes, monofilaments, strings, ropes, dumbbells, and rings.

Conclusion
The document provides comprehensive guidance on selecting and using specimen grips and testing equipment, emphasizing the importance of matching the equipment to the material properties and testing requirements.

Overview
Detailed information on various extensometers and testing systems used for measuring deformation in materials.

Extensometers

VideoXtens Extensometer: A contact-free, high-resolution extensometer.
Mechanical Long-Travel Extensometer: Designed for measuring higher extensions.
Optical Long-Travel Extensometer: A digital, contact-free extensometer.

Temperature Chambers
Describes the characteristics of Zwick temperature chambers used to test materials under different environmental conditions.

Automatic Specimen Feeding Systems
Designed for efficient testing of large series of specimens.

Servohydraulic Testing Machines
Used for dynamic testing and materials testing applications requiring precise measurement and control.

Overview
Detailed specifications and functionalities of various testing machines used for material testing.

Tabletop Test Machines
Lightweight with high frame stiffness, featuring an actuator mounted in the upper crosshead.

Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machines
Available in models HC, HB, and HA, designed for high force applications.

High-Speed Testing Machines
Designed for high-rate impact tests.

Falling Weight Testers
Used for dynamic behavior testing.

Pendulum Impact Testers
Comply with international standards and feature automatic pendulum recognition.

Extrusion Plastometers
Measure melt flow rates of thermoplastic materials.

Specifications and Models
Describes various testing instruments and models, including the Cflow and Mflow models for extrusion plastometers.

Testing Procedures
Detailed procedures for conducting tests using these instruments.

Standards and Compliance
References several standards, ensuring compliance with international standards for accuracy and reliability.

Recommendations and Best Practices
Includes recommendations for using the Mflow model for heavier weights.

Technical Data and Features
Technical specifications for each instrument are provided.

Additional Equipment and Options
Options for additional equipment are mentioned to enhance testing capabilities.

Service and Support
Zwick Roell Corporation offers worldwide service and engineering consulting.

Contract Testing
Zwick offers contract testing services for new test requirements.

Application Technology Seminars
Zwick collaborates with research and technology partners to offer seminars.

Preliminary Acceptance
Customers can conduct a preliminary acceptance check of their machine at Zwick's facility.

Transport and Installation
ZwickService offers comprehensive transport and installation services.

Retrofit and Software Adaptation
ZwickService upgrades existing machines with the latest digital control technology.

Product Training and Customer Support
Zwick provides extensive training and support.

Rentals and Maintenance
ZwickService offers rental services for testing grips and performs regular maintenance.

Repair and Calibration
ZwickService provides repair services and calibrates machines to national and international standards.

Software Upgrade
Customers can upgrade to the latest testXpert® software version.

Standards and Test Equipment
Lists various standards and corresponding testing devices for different materials.

Material Testing Specifications

Tear Resistance: Various specimen types are tested using ISO and ASTM standards.
Blocking Strength: Tested according to ISO 11502, DIN 53366, and ASTM D 3354.
Puncture Tests: Conducted as per EN 14477, ASTM D 5748, and ASTM F1306.
Impact Strength: Pendulum impact and free-falling dart tests are performed using ISO and ASTM standards.
Coefficient of Friction: Measured using ISO 8295 and ASTM D 1894 standards.

Plastic Piping Specifications

Pipes: Specifications include EN 1555 and EN 1852.
Tensile and Compression Properties: Evaluated using various ISO and ASTM standards.
Flexural Strength and Creep Test: Conducted using EN and ISO standards.
Ring Stiffness and Cyclic Compression Test: Assessed using ISO and ASTM standards.
Vicat Softening Temperature: Measured with Vicat VST instrument 54.
Impact Characteristics: Evaluated using falling weight and pendulum impact testers.
Melt Flow Index: Determined using ISO 4440 standards.

Adhesives Testing

Tensile Properties: Butt joints tested using ISO and EN standards.
Peel Resistance and Contact Adhesion: Evaluated using ISO and EN standards.
Shear and Bending-Shear Strength: Assessed using ISO and ASTM standards.
Creep and Fatigue Properties: Tested using ISO standards and servohydraulic testing machine 45.

Contact Information

Zwick Asia Pte Ltd: Located in Singapore.
Zwick USA: Based in Kennesaw, GA, USA.
Zwick Testing Machines Ltd: Located in Herefordshire, Great Britain.
Zwick France S.a.r.l: Based in Roissy CDG Cedex, France.
Zwick Ibérica: Located in Badalona, Spain.

Catalog excerpts

Testing of plastics and rubber Intelligent Testing FP 269 2.0408 Testing systems

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3 Since 1992, these companies have formed the Zwick Roell group, and in July 2001, the company group was converted into a stock corporation: the Zwick Roell AG. Part of this stock corporation are the companies Zwick, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd., and since may 2002 Acmel Labo. These companies supply an extensive program for materials, component, and functional tests – from the manually operated hardness tester up to complex robotic test systems for the twentyfour- seven production control. By acquisition of the German company GTM (2007) and the Austrian company Messphysik (2006) the know-how of...

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4 Plastics and rubbersdevelopment, structure and properties Plastics In 1861, the first polymeric plastic was patented for Alexander Parkes under the name Parkesine. It was a kind of celluloid then patented by Hyatt in 1870, and in 1908, Bakeland and Lebach made the chemistry of phenolic resins more transparent. Bakeland then discovered Bakelite, the first plastic to be broadly used, whilst Hermann Staudinger described the structure of polymeric materials as macromolecules and thus discovered the basis of macromolecular chemistry. Ziegler and Natta worked on the polymerization of ethylene. On...

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5 Short Designation Application sign examples NR Natural Rubber Medical gloves, latex, blending component for synthetic rubber SBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber All-purpose rubber, (originally “Buna – S”) tire industry CR Polychloropren Rubber Contact adhesives, conveyor belts, sealings, hoses IIR Isobutene-Isoprene Sealings, membranes, (Butyl) Rubber cable insulations EPDM Ethylene-Propylene- Roof and pond foils, Diene Monomer sealings in automotive industry NBR Nitrile Butadiene Oil and fuel resistant sealings, Rubber membranes, hoses SI/MQ/ Silicone Rubber Sealings for freezers, stoves, PMQ/ window...

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6 Application test-curve in testXpert® II Example of mounting Thermoplastic and thermosetting materials Standard: ISO 527-2 Type: tensile Material: semi-rigid plastic Grips: wedge-screw Extensometer: multiXtens Test speed: 1 mm/min, 50 mm/min Standard: ISO 527-2 Type: tensile Material: rigid plastic Grips: wedge Extensometer: Macro Test speed: 1 mm/min, 50 mm/min Standard: ISO 178 Type: flexural (3-point) Material: rigid plastic Grips: flexural tool Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 2 mm/min, 50 mm/min Rubbers and elastomers Standard: ISO 37 Type: tensile Material: PIB dumbbell Grips:...

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7 Application test-curve in testXpert® II Example of mounting Rubbers and elastomers Standard: ISO 34-1 Type: tear test Material: SBR Specimen: angle Grips: pneumatic Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 500 mm/min Standard: ISO 34-1 Type: tear test Material: SBR Specimen: trouser Grips: pneumatic Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 500 mm/min Fibre reinforced composites Standard: ISO 527-4 Type: tensile Material: CRP Specimen: type 3 Grips: hydraulic Extensometer: Macro Test speed: 2 mm/min Standard: ISO 14130 Type: interlaminar shear Material: CRP Grips: flexural device Extensometer:...

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8 Application test-curve in testXpert® II Example of mounting Flexible cellular plastics Standard: ISO 1798 Type: tensile Material: PUR Grips: pneumatic Extensometer: mechanical long travel Test speed: 500 mm/min Standard: ASTM D 3574 - B1 Type: indentation hardness Material: PUR Grips: indentor Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 48 mm/min Standard: ISO 3386 Type: compression properties Material: PUR Grips: compression plates Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 50 mm/min Standard: ISO 8067 Type: tear test Material: PUR Specimen: trouser Grips: pincer Extensometer: crosshead monitor...

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9 Application test-curve in testXpert® II Example of mounting Thin sheeting and plastic film Standard: ISO 527-3 Type: tensile Material: PVC film Specimen: strip, 10mm large Grips: screw Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 100 mm/min Standard: EN 14477 Type: puncture test Material: PE film Grips: test device Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 100 mm/min Adhesives and sealings Standard: ISO 4578 Type: 90° peel test Material: tape Grips: test device Extensometer: crosshead monitor Test speed: 100 mm/min Standard: customer specific Type: opening of sealing Material: food packages...

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10 Sample Preparation Injection molding and compression molding To characterize thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, specimens are made by injection or direct compression molding. The applied processing parameters such as pressure, temperature and shear-rate strongly influence the materials behavior. Thermosetting materials: • Compression molding (ISO 295) • Injection molding (ISO 10724-1) Thermoplastic materials: • Compression molding (ISO 293) • Injection molding (ISO 294, part 1-4) Multipurpose specimen, ISO 3167 The local shear-rate during processing is influenced by the shape of the...

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11 Strip cutter for plastics film Parallel strip-type specimen for tensile tests are taken from a sheet material with a straight and notchfree cut. This strip-cutter allows strips to be cut from a sheet of about 180 mm by 300 mm (7” by 12”), fixed on the cutting drum. Zwick cutting presses and tools Zwick offers a wide range of cutting devices for both standardized and special specimen shapes. A list of the most common types is shown in the following tables. The cutting tool consists of 11 blades, allowing all strips to be cut in a single operation. Specimen dimensions Length: approx. 230 mm...

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12 L0 - gauge length L - distance between grips l1 - length of narrow parallel-sided portion or inner diameter L2 (le) - distance between broad parallel-sided portions l3 - overall length or outer diameter b1 - width of narrow portion b2 - width at ends h - thickness Thermoplastic and thermosetting materials Standard Type Application l3 l1 b2 b1 h L0 L Shape Cutting die/ mm mm mm mm mm mm mm spare die1) ISO 3167 A Injection moulded >_150 80±2 20±0.2 10±0.2 4.0±0.2 - - B.089 / 0902) multipurpose specimen (170) ISO 3167 B Compr. moulded or machined >_150 60±0.5 20±0.2 10±0.2 4.0±0.2 - - B.019 /...

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Testing of plastics and rubber

Testing of plastics and rubber

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