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Imaging
Product catalog summary
Introduction to Thorlabs' Imaging Group
Thorlabs' Imaging group specializes in Optical Coherence Tomography Systems, Microscopy Systems, and Adaptive Optics. The team consists of skilled engineers in optical systems design, mechanical and electrical systems integration, and software development. They collaborate with researchers to develop customizable imaging systems and components.
Thorlabs' Imaging group specializes in Optical Coherence Tomography Systems, Microscopy Systems, and Adaptive Optics. The team consists of skilled engineers in optical systems design, mechanical and electrical systems integration, and software development. They collaborate with researchers to develop customizable imaging systems and components.
Key Offerings
- Advanced Optical and Imaging Systems
- Software Development
- Modular System Designs
- Custom and OEM Opportunities
- On-Site Demos, Loans, and Leasing Options
Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM) Tutorial
LSM is crucial in biological sciences for high contrast, high resolution imaging. It allows for optical sectioning, enabling visualization of thin planes within thick samples. Confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy are highlighted for their ability to create 3D representations of specimens.
LSM is crucial in biological sciences for high contrast, high resolution imaging. It allows for optical sectioning, enabling visualization of thin planes within thick samples. Confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy are highlighted for their ability to create 3D representations of specimens.
Contrast Mechanisms
Fluorescence is used to improve contrast in LSM. It involves light-emitting molecules that distinguish constituents from the background. Multiphoton excitation and harmonic generation are discussed as nonlinear processes requiring high photon densities.
Fluorescence is used to improve contrast in LSM. It involves light-emitting molecules that distinguish constituents from the background. Multiphoton excitation and harmonic generation are discussed as nonlinear processes requiring high photon densities.
Image Formation
In point scanning LSM, images are created by scanning a diffraction-limited spot across the specimen. The process involves a single mode optical fiber-coupled laser, with the signal collected by a photomultiplier tube or APD. The tutorial explains the importance of pinhole size in confocal microscopy and the use of non-descanned detectors in multiphoton microscopy.
In point scanning LSM, images are created by scanning a diffraction-limited spot across the specimen. The process involves a single mode optical fiber-coupled laser, with the signal collected by a photomultiplier tube or APD. The tutorial explains the importance of pinhole size in confocal microscopy and the use of non-descanned detectors in multiphoton microscopy.
Optical Path and Resolution
The optical path in LSM involves a collimated illumination beam focused by the objective lens. The lateral resolution is determined by the ability to create a diffraction-limited spot, influenced by the excitation wavelength and numerical aperture of the objective lens.
The optical path in LSM involves a collimated illumination beam focused by the objective lens. The lateral resolution is determined by the ability to create a diffraction-limited spot, influenced by the excitation wavelength and numerical aperture of the objective lens.
Introduction to Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy:
Confocal microscopy offers high-resolution imaging by using a pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light. The lateral resolution is determined by the excitation wavelength, while the axial resolution depends on the refractive index of the immersion medium. The pinhole size is crucial for balancing resolution and signal strength.
Confocal microscopy offers high-resolution imaging by using a pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light. The lateral resolution is determined by the excitation wavelength, while the axial resolution depends on the refractive index of the immersion medium. The pinhole size is crucial for balancing resolution and signal strength.
Resolution and Pinhole Size:
The resolution of a confocal microscope is influenced by the excitation spot size and the detection pinhole size. A smaller pinhole improves resolution but reduces signal strength. A pinhole of 1 Airy Unit (AU) is often used as a compromise between resolution and signal.
The resolution of a confocal microscope is influenced by the excitation spot size and the detection pinhole size. A smaller pinhole improves resolution but reduces signal strength. A pinhole of 1 Airy Unit (AU) is often used as a compromise between resolution and signal.
Nonlinear Microscopy:
In nonlinear microscopy, longer excitation wavelengths can reduce resolution. However, the effective focal volume is reduced, enhancing resolution. The lateral and axial resolutions are intensity-dependent, with higher laser power increasing signal probability but potentially degrading axial resolution.
In nonlinear microscopy, longer excitation wavelengths can reduce resolution. However, the effective focal volume is reduced, enhancing resolution. The lateral and axial resolutions are intensity-dependent, with higher laser power increasing signal probability but potentially degrading axial resolution.
Image Display and Sampling:
For accurate image rendering, the capture resolution must match the optical resolution. The Nyquist sampling rule suggests that pixel size should be the lateral resolution divided by 2.3. This ensures that the finest features are faithfully displayed.
For accurate image rendering, the capture resolution must match the optical resolution. The Nyquist sampling rule suggests that pixel size should be the lateral resolution divided by 2.3. This ensures that the finest features are faithfully displayed.
Applications in Biological Sciences:
- Neuroscience: LSM allows high-resolution imaging of synaptic plasticity and action potentials, aiding in understanding neurological diseases.
- Cancer Research: LSM can observe morphological changes in cancer cells and monitor drug delivery and tumor vasculature.
- Tissue Engineering: LSM helps elucidate cell interactions with the extracellular matrix, crucial for tissue characterization.
- Developmental Biology: LSM enables imaging of living specimens, facilitating studies on stem cell tracking and genetic expression.
- Molecular Imaging: Fluorescent proteins allow dynamic tracking of intracellular protein interactions.
Considerations in Live Cell Imaging:
Fluorescence can be cytotoxic, requiring a balance between image quality and cell viability. Fast scanning reduces photobleaching and cytotoxicity by allowing fluorophores to relax before re-excitation.
Fluorescence can be cytotoxic, requiring a balance between image quality and cell viability. Fast scanning reduces photobleaching and cytotoxicity by allowing fluorophores to relax before re-excitation.
Multiphoton Microscopy Advantages:
Multiphoton microscopy allows deeper imaging due to longer excitation wavelengths and non-descanned detection. It is suitable for label-free imaging of structured biological tissues, such as collagen, using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG).
Multiphoton microscopy allows deeper imaging due to longer excitation wavelengths and non-descanned detection. It is suitable for label-free imaging of structured biological tissues, such as collagen, using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG).
Overview: The document provides detailed information about Thorlabs' Four-Channel Multiphoton System, an advanced imaging system designed for deep tissue imaging using multiphoton microscopy. It highlights the system's components, capabilities, and specifications, focusing on its ability to capture fluorescence and harmonic generation signals.
System Specifications: The MPM200-4 system includes a Nikon FN1 microscope, four high-sensitivity GaAsP PMTs, a transmitted light detection module (TLDM), and ThorImageLS™ acquisition software. It is equipped with a dual quad-core computer and a 24" monitor for data processing and visualization.
Key Features: The system supports four detection channels, allowing simultaneous acquisition of multiple fluorescence signals. The TLDM enhances signal detection by using a sub-stage condenser lens as an opposing objective, improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The system is compatible with a broad range of excitation wavelengths (680 – 1400 nm), making it suitable for use with Ti:Sapphire lasers.
Imaging Capabilities: The MPM200-4 system is designed for deep tissue imaging, utilizing longer excitation wavelengths to reduce scattering and increase penetration depth. The GaAsP PMTs are positioned directly behind the objective to maximize photon detection efficiency.
Upgrade Options: The MPM200-4R model is a four-channel-ready system that can be upgraded from the two-channel MPM200-2 system. The TLDM module can be added to convert the system into a full four-channel configuration, allowing for additional forward scattering signal detection.
Optical Path and Components: The document includes a detailed description of the optical path, highlighting the use of a galvo-resonant scanner for high-speed XY scanning and the integration of emission filters and dichroic mirrors for efficient signal separation and detection.
Software and Control: ThorImageLS software provides a user-friendly interface for controlling the multiphoton and confocal imaging systems. It offers features such as real-time capture, Z volume capture, and flexible image size adjustments. The software supports various image formats and allows for custom software development for full system control.
Conclusion: Thorlabs' Four-Channel Multiphoton System is a versatile and powerful tool for advanced imaging applications, offering high sensitivity, deep tissue penetration, and flexible upgrade options to meet diverse research needs.
Overview: The document provides detailed information on Thorlabs' Octavius-2P laser and associated multiphoton microscopy equipment. It includes specifications, features, and applications of the laser and related components.
Octavius-2P Laser:
- The Octavius-2P is a 10 femtosecond pulsed laser designed for two-photon microscopy, offering high peak power (>500 kW) and a wide spectral bandwidth (>100 nm) for efficient excitation of multiple fluorophores.
- It uses Optically Pumped Semiconductor Laser (OPSL) technology, providing compactness and cost-effectiveness.
- Specifications include an average power of 500 mW, a repetition rate of 85 MHz, and a power stability of 0.5%.
ScienceDesk Frame:
- The ScienceDesk frame is designed for multiphoton microscopy applications, featuring a large 5' x 6' work surface and active, self-leveling vibration isolation.
- It supports a load capacity of 1540 lbs and requires a maximum air pressure of 80 psi for the isolation system.
Multiphoton Beam Conditioner (MPM-BCU):
- The MPM-BCU optimizes laser beams for multiphoton imaging, allowing automated control of laser power and beam diameter through the ThorImageLS™ software.
- It features a power ramping function to adjust laser power as imaging depth increases, compensating for scattering losses.
Dispersion Compensation Unit (COMP6300):
- This unit compensates for group delay dispersion in femtosecond laser pulses, enhancing image quality by maintaining peak power and reducing pulse broadening.
- It is available in full and half versions, with the full version providing -6300 fs² dispersion at 800 nm.
Applications and Benefits:
- The Octavius-2P laser and associated components are ideal for deep tissue imaging in biological samples, offering high signal intensity with minimal photodamage.
- The wide spectral bandwidth allows simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorophores, improving imaging efficiency.
Overview: The document provides detailed information on Thorlabs' physiology stages and microscope translators, which are essential for modern imaging technology in studying physiological processes in living cells and animals. These stages and translators are designed to maintain specimen stability during image acquisition.
Physiology Stages: Thorlabs offers physiology stages with a U-shaped breadboard design, providing 270° access to samples. These stages are available in manual, motorized, and motorized-encoded versions. The breadboard is mechanically and thermally stable, featuring over 200 tapped holes for mounting accessories. The stages come with adjustable-height support columns and a base breadboard for stability.
Microscope Translators: The document describes manual, motorized, and motorized-encoded microscope translators that allow precise positioning of the microscope over a stationary specimen. These translators are constructed with stainless steel and feature cross-roller bearings for stability. The motorized versions include stepper motors for automated control, with the encoded versions offering enhanced accuracy and repeatability.
Specifications: Detailed specifications are provided for both the physiology stages and microscope translators, including travel range, load capacity, accuracy, and repeatability. The motorized-encoded versions offer the highest precision with optical encoders for feedback and positioning accuracy.
Features and Pricing: The document lists various features of the products, such as adjustable-height support columns, sealed holes to contain spills, and compatibility with Nikon FN1 microscopes. Pricing information is provided for different models and configurations, with options for imperial and metric versions.
Adjustable-Height Support Columns
The support columns feature four 1/4" (M6) counterbored holes on 2" (50 mm) centers for mounting to an optical table or breadboard. The height is adjustable from 8" to 12" and can be locked using a knurled ring locking collar. The columns have a load capacity of 300 lbs (136 kg) and include a top-located 1/4"-20 (M6 x 1.0) tap for universal mounting.
The support columns feature four 1/4" (M6) counterbored holes on 2" (50 mm) centers for mounting to an optical table or breadboard. The height is adjustable from 8" to 12" and can be locked using a knurled ring locking collar. The columns have a load capacity of 300 lbs (136 kg) and include a top-located 1/4"-20 (M6 x 1.0) tap for universal mounting.
U-Shaped Breadboards
The breadboards are part of the UltraLight Series, featuring sealed holes to contain spills and are available in both imperial and metric versions. They have a full 270° array of 1/4"-20 (M6) taps and are mechanically and thermally stable. The dimensions are 17.72" x 23.62" (650 mm x 450 mm) with a weight of 15.5 lbs (7 kg) and a load capacity of 110 lbs (50 kg).
The breadboards are part of the UltraLight Series, featuring sealed holes to contain spills and are available in both imperial and metric versions. They have a full 270° array of 1/4"-20 (M6) taps and are mechanically and thermally stable. The dimensions are 17.72" x 23.62" (650 mm x 450 mm) with a weight of 15.5 lbs (7 kg) and a load capacity of 110 lbs (50 kg).
High-Power Light Sources
The HPLS200 Series features a Liquid Light Guide (LLG) mount and is designed to prevent overheating with airflow and temperature monitoring. The light sources are solid-state plasma light sources (LIFI®) with a spectral range of 350 – 700 nm and a color rendering index of 94. They have a lifetime of over 10,000 hours and a dimming range of 30 - 100%. The optical power at the LLG tip is 2.5 W for HPLS243 and 6.0 W for HPLS245.
The HPLS200 Series features a Liquid Light Guide (LLG) mount and is designed to prevent overheating with airflow and temperature monitoring. The light sources are solid-state plasma light sources (LIFI®) with a spectral range of 350 – 700 nm and a color rendering index of 94. They have a lifetime of over 10,000 hours and a dimming range of 30 - 100%. The optical power at the LLG tip is 2.5 W for HPLS243 and 6.0 W for HPLS245.
Multiphoton Essentials Kit
The MPM-2PKIT is designed for building a multiphoton imaging system. It includes a scan head, NIR scan and tube lens assembly, dichroic mirrors, emission filter blocks, dual high-sensitivity PMTs, and image acquisition electronics and software. The system supports non-descanned detection and is compatible with Thorlabs’ Cage System Components.
The MPM-2PKIT is designed for building a multiphoton imaging system. It includes a scan head, NIR scan and tube lens assembly, dichroic mirrors, emission filter blocks, dual high-sensitivity PMTs, and image acquisition electronics and software. The system supports non-descanned detection and is compatible with Thorlabs’ Cage System Components.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy Systems
These systems are designed for high-resolution optical sectioning and background fluorescence reduction. They include a scan head with a resonant scanner and galvanometer, a multi-channel fiber-coupled laser source, and control electronics. The systems are optimized for 400 – 750 nm and include a Windows® computer with ThorImageLS™ software for image acquisition and control.
These systems are designed for high-resolution optical sectioning and background fluorescence reduction. They include a scan head with a resonant scanner and galvanometer, a multi-channel fiber-coupled laser source, and control electronics. The systems are optimized for 400 – 750 nm and include a Windows® computer with ThorImageLS™ software for image acquisition and control.
Overview: The document discusses advancements in laser scanning microscopy, focusing on a four-channel laser source that enhances alignment and power stability. It highlights the integration of fiber-pigtailed laser sources and a solid-state coupling method for adjustment-free service.
Specifications: The laser source offers four standard wavelengths (405, 488, 532, and 642 nm) with the option for additional wavelengths. It is controlled via USB, allowing users to manage laser intensity and operation. The system includes a single-mode fiber output with an FC/PC connector and an optional 405 nm laser output.
Detection and Imaging: The system uses photocathode PMTs with standard and high-sensitivity options, covering detection ranges from 185 to 900 nm. The confocal laser scanning microscope setup includes components like a scan head, PMT module, and various lenses and filters for precise imaging.
System Configurations: Thorlabs offers standard and customizable system configurations to meet specific application needs. The systems are compatible with both inverted and upright microscopes and can be integrated with Thorlabs' T-Scopes for a complete imaging solution.
Additional Features: The document details motorized focus control options, including a universal focus motor and a piezo Z-stage for high-resolution sectioning. The Laser Scanning Essentials Kit provides components for building a custom laser scanning system, with options for visible and IR transmission ranges.
Microscopy Stages: Thorlabs' MLS203 series stages offer high-speed, precise XY positioning for microscopy samples, compatible with select Olympus, Nikon, and Zeiss microscopes. These stages feature integrated brushless DC servo motors and optical linear encoders for accurate scanning.
Specifications:
The document provides detailed specifications for various microscopy stages and controllers. The MLS203 series stages have a settling time of 0.1s within 1 µm and 0.6s within 0.1 µm for a 600g load. The weight, including cables, is 3.2 kg. The dimensions are 250 mm x 229.3 mm x 31 mm. The recommended controller is the BBD102, compatible with Olympus and Nikon microscopes.
The document provides detailed specifications for various microscopy stages and controllers. The MLS203 series stages have a settling time of 0.1s within 1 µm and 0.6s within 0.1 µm for a 600g load. The weight, including cables, is 3.2 kg. The dimensions are 250 mm x 229.3 mm x 31 mm. The recommended controller is the BBD102, compatible with Olympus and Nikon microscopes.
Controller Specifications:
The BBD102 is a dual-channel benchtop DC servo controller with features like S-curve acceleration/deceleration profiles, high-speed operation, and high encoder resolution. It supports USB and RS232 interfaces for PC communication and comes with a software development kit for automation.
The BBD102 is a dual-channel benchtop DC servo controller with features like S-curve acceleration/deceleration profiles, high-speed operation, and high encoder resolution. It supports USB and RS232 interfaces for PC communication and comes with a software development kit for automation.
Mounting Brackets and Adapters:
Various mounting brackets are available for the MLS203-1 XY Microscopy Stage, compatible with Nikon and Olympus microscopes. The MLS203-2 stage is directly compatible with Zeiss microscopes.
Various mounting brackets are available for the MLS203-1 XY Microscopy Stage, compatible with Nikon and Olympus microscopes. The MLS203-2 stage is directly compatible with Zeiss microscopes.
Accessory Plates:
Accessory plates for the MLS203 stages allow the positioning of standard microscope slides, multiwell plates, and Petri dishes. They are compatible with both imperial and metric accessories.
Accessory plates for the MLS203 stages allow the positioning of standard microscope slides, multiwell plates, and Petri dishes. They are compatible with both imperial and metric accessories.
Z-Axis Piezo Scanning Stage:
The MZS500-E stage provides 500 µm of travel in the Z direction, with a resolution of 25 nm and a load capacity of 0.25 kg. It includes a BPC301 controller for precise positioning.
The MZS500-E stage provides 500 µm of travel in the Z direction, with a resolution of 25 nm and a load capacity of 0.25 kg. It includes a BPC301 controller for precise positioning.
Joystick Consoles:
The MJC001 joystick console allows manual positioning of the MLS203 stages, while the MZF001 is designed for the MZS500 stage.
The MJC001 joystick console allows manual positioning of the MLS203 stages, while the MZF001 is designed for the MZS500 stage.
ScienceDesk Overview:
The ScienceDesk offers customizable frames and accessories like PC shelves, keyboard holders, and monitor mounts, designed for laboratory environments.
The ScienceDesk offers customizable frames and accessories like PC shelves, keyboard holders, and monitor mounts, designed for laboratory environments.
ScienceDesk Overview
The ScienceDesk is a modular workstation designed for ergonomic use in vibration-sensitive applications such as confocal microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, biotechnology, electrophysiology, and telecommunications. It offers three frame designs: Rigid, Passive, and Active, each catering to different vibration isolation needs. The Rigid frame is suitable for applications where vibration isolation is not required, the Passive frame uses non-leveling air mounts to absorb floor vibrations, and the Active frame provides pneumatic self-leveling for both horizontal and vertical vibration isolation.
The ScienceDesk is a modular workstation designed for ergonomic use in vibration-sensitive applications such as confocal microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, biotechnology, electrophysiology, and telecommunications. It offers three frame designs: Rigid, Passive, and Active, each catering to different vibration isolation needs. The Rigid frame is suitable for applications where vibration isolation is not required, the Passive frame uses non-leveling air mounts to absorb floor vibrations, and the Active frame provides pneumatic self-leveling for both horizontal and vertical vibration isolation.
Equipment Shelves
The ScienceDesk offers various shelving options, including overhead, side, and under shelves, as well as shelving for mounting test instrumentation and computers. The modular design allows for flexible placement of these shelves.
The ScienceDesk offers various shelving options, including overhead, side, and under shelves, as well as shelving for mounting test instrumentation and computers. The modular design allows for flexible placement of these shelves.
Breadboards
The breadboards feature a high strength-to-weight ratio with a honeycomb core and steel top and bottom plates, providing excellent thermal stability and rigidity. The PerformancePlus range includes enhanced internal damping for improved dynamic performance.
The breadboards feature a high strength-to-weight ratio with a honeycomb core and steel top and bottom plates, providing excellent thermal stability and rigidity. The PerformancePlus range includes enhanced internal damping for improved dynamic performance.
Faraday Cage
Thorlabs offers Faraday cages to shield sensitive experiments from electromagnetic interference. Two models are available: the FAR01, compatible with the ScienceDesk frame, and the FAR05F, a free-standing version. Both models feature a 16-count copper mesh with a shielding effectiveness of 55 dB at 10 MHz. The cages have removable magnetic panels for easy access and can accommodate various accessories.
Thorlabs offers Faraday cages to shield sensitive experiments from electromagnetic interference. Two models are available: the FAR01, compatible with the ScienceDesk frame, and the FAR05F, a free-standing version. Both models feature a 16-count copper mesh with a shielding effectiveness of 55 dB at 10 MHz. The cages have removable magnetic panels for easy access and can accommodate various accessories.
Multiphoton Microscopy Applications
The ScienceDesk is ideal for multiphoton microscopy applications, featuring a large work surface that accommodates both laser and microscope equipment, enhancing stability and reducing vibrations. The active frame provides self-leveling vibration isolation, requiring a constant source of pressurized air.
The ScienceDesk is ideal for multiphoton microscopy applications, featuring a large work surface that accommodates both laser and microscope equipment, enhancing stability and reducing vibrations. The active frame provides self-leveling vibration isolation, requiring a constant source of pressurized air.
Collimated LEDs
Thorlabs offers collimated LED assemblies compatible with commercial microscopes, featuring adjustable collimation optics and available in various wavelengths. Three LED drivers are available, offering different modulation frequencies and features such as EEPROM compatibility for LED settings.
Thorlabs offers collimated LED assemblies compatible with commercial microscopes, featuring adjustable collimation optics and available in various wavelengths. Three LED drivers are available, offering different modulation frequencies and features such as EEPROM compatibility for LED settings.
Overview: This document provides detailed information on collimated LED light sources designed for various microscope models, including Olympus, Leica, Zeiss, and Nikon. It also covers the 4-Wavelength High-Power LED Sources and the DC4100 4-Channel LED Driver.
Collimated LED Light Sources:
- Designed for Olympus BX and IX, Leica DMI, Zeiss Axioskop, and Nikon Eclipse microscopes.
- Beam diameters and areas vary by model, with approximate diameters ranging from 37 mm to 58.9 mm.
- Available in multiple wavelengths from UV (365 nm) to IR (940 nm).
- Prices vary by model and wavelength, with detailed pricing in USD, GBP, EUR, and RMB.
4-Wavelength High-Power LED Sources:
- Customizable LED source combining four user-chosen LED beams into a single collimated emission beam.
- Features rapid switching, intensity adjustments, and compatibility with the DC4100 driver.
- Offers ten available wavelengths with 46 configurations.
DC4100 4-Channel LED Driver:
- Designed to drive the 4-Wavelength LED Source or four individual high-power LEDs.
- Supports LED currents up to 1 A with modulation up to 100 kHz.
- Operates in three modes: Constant Current, Brightness, and External Control.
- Compact design with an easy-to-read backlit LCD display.
Key Features:
- Rapid switching and intensity adjustments via LED current settings.
- ±0.1 nm wavelength stability and ±1.5% power stability.
- Adapters available for most commercial microscopes.
Overview: This document provides detailed specifications and descriptions of various LED drivers and related components offered by Thorlabs. It includes information on different models, their features, specifications, and pricing in multiple currencies.
1. DC4100-HUB: A single LED connector hub priced at $300.00, £216.00, €261.00, ¥2,391.00. It connects directly to the LED4C without needing a DC4100-HUB.
2. DC2100 LED Driver: A high-power, 1-channel LED driver with pulse modulation capabilities. It supports LED currents up to 2 A and voltages up to 24 V. The driver operates in three modes: Constant Current, Pulse Width Modulation, and External Control. It features a USB2.0 interface for PC control and is priced at $1,760.00, £1,267.20, €1,531.20, ¥14,027.20.
3. LEDD1B T-Cube LED Driver: Designed for high-power LEDs with currents up to 1200 mA. It offers three operation modes and requires a 15 VDC power supply. The compact design is priced at $284.00, £204.48, €247.08, ¥2,263.48.
4. DC3100 Series Modulated LED Sources: These are designed for high-brightness applications with modulation capabilities from 10 MHz to 100 MHz. Available in four standard wavelengths (365 nm, 405 nm, 470 nm, 630 nm), they can be remotely operated via USB2.0. Prices range from $2,200.00 to $2,500.00 depending on the model.
5. MCLS1 4-Channel Laser Source: A customizable laser source with four independently controlled channels, offering 24 available wavelengths from 405 nm to 1550 nm. It features independent temperature control and low noise output, priced at $3,600.00, £2,592.00, €3,132.00, ¥28,692.00.
Additional Components: The document also lists various collimation adapters and thread adapters compatible with different microscope models, along with their pricing.
Overview: The document provides detailed information on various laser diodes and light sources offered by Thorlabs, including specifications, pricing, and features. It covers a range of wavelengths and power outputs, focusing on fiber-coupled laser sources and high-power light sources.
Laser Diodes: The document lists multiple laser diodes with wavelengths ranging from 405 nm to 1550 nm. Each diode is characterized by its power output, type (Fabry-Perot or DFB), and fiber compatibility. Prices are provided in multiple currencies, but some items require direct inquiry for current pricing.
Performance Specifications: Key performance metrics include power accuracy (±10%), current setpoint resolution (0.01 mA), temperature adjustment range (20.00 to 30.00 °C), and modulation bandwidth (80 kHz). The document emphasizes low noise and stable output as critical features.
Fiber-Coupled Laser Sources: These sources are designed with integrated TEC elements for temperature stabilization, ensuring consistent power and wavelength output. They are available in standard wavelengths of 405, 473, and 488 nm, with adjustable power settings and modulation capabilities.
High-Power Light Sources: The HPLS200 series features solid-state plasma light sources with a spectral range of 350 to 700 nm. These sources are suitable for applications like microscopy and medical lighting, offering long lifetimes and high-intensity output.
Liquid Light Guides: Thorlabs offers liquid light guides in various lengths and core sizes, providing excellent transmission from 340 to 800 nm. These guides are compatible with several light sources and are designed for rugged environments.
Additional Features: The document also highlights accessories such as fiber optic cleaning kits and mounting adapters, which are essential for maintaining and integrating the light sources into various systems.
Fluorescence Imaging Filter Sets
Thorlabs offers a range of fluorescence imaging filter sets, each priced at $495.00. These sets include YFP, TRITC, CY3.5, and TXRED filters, designed for specific fluorescence imaging applications. Spectral plots for these filters are available for download on the Thorlabs website.
Thorlabs offers a range of fluorescence imaging filter sets, each priced at $495.00. These sets include YFP, TRITC, CY3.5, and TXRED filters, designed for specific fluorescence imaging applications. Spectral plots for these filters are available for download on the Thorlabs website.
Kinematic Fluorescence Filter Cage Cube
The DFM Fluorescence Filter Cube is designed for homebuilt microscopy applications, allowing easy swapping of filter sets without realignment. It is compatible with 30 mm cage systems and SM1 lens tube systems. The cube consists of a base and a top lid with an insert to hold the filter set, including a dichroic mirror and excitation and emission filters.
The DFM Fluorescence Filter Cube is designed for homebuilt microscopy applications, allowing easy swapping of filter sets without realignment. It is compatible with 30 mm cage systems and SM1 lens tube systems. The cube consists of a base and a top lid with an insert to hold the filter set, including a dichroic mirror and excitation and emission filters.
Beam Turning Cubes
Thorlabs' Beam Turning Cubes allow for swapping between transmissive and right-angle-deflected beam paths within a 30 mm Cage System. These cubes are ideal for laser steering applications and come with pre-mounted right-angle mirrors. The cubes are compatible with Thorlabs' SM1 Lens Tube and 30 mm Cage Systems.
Thorlabs' Beam Turning Cubes allow for swapping between transmissive and right-angle-deflected beam paths within a 30 mm Cage System. These cubes are ideal for laser steering applications and come with pre-mounted right-angle mirrors. The cubes are compatible with Thorlabs' SM1 Lens Tube and 30 mm Cage Systems.
Microscope Filter Cubes
These filter cubes are compatible with a range of Olympus and Nikon fluorescence microscopes. They are designed for quick mounting and swapping of fluorescence imaging filter sets. The cubes can be purchased empty or with pre-mounted filter sets.
These filter cubes are compatible with a range of Olympus and Nikon fluorescence microscopes. They are designed for quick mounting and swapping of fluorescence imaging filter sets. The cubes can be purchased empty or with pre-mounted filter sets.
Fast Steering Mirror (FSM20XY)
The FSM20XY is a high-performance 2D steering mirror with a ±24.0° optical angular range and a clear aperture of 20 mm. It is suitable for applications such as beam steering and image capture. The mirror features digital closed-loop feedback control and can be integrated into custom systems using the included control card.
The FSM20XY is a high-performance 2D steering mirror with a ±24.0° optical angular range and a clear aperture of 20 mm. It is suitable for applications such as beam steering and image capture. The mirror features digital closed-loop feedback control and can be integrated into custom systems using the included control card.
Overview
This document provides detailed information on various optical components and systems offered by Thorlabs, focusing on Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM), Galvanometer Mirror Systems, and Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) Modules. These components are essential for applications in laser scanning, microscopy, and optical beam control.
This document provides detailed information on various optical components and systems offered by Thorlabs, focusing on Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM), Galvanometer Mirror Systems, and Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) Modules. These components are essential for applications in laser scanning, microscopy, and optical beam control.
Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM)
Thorlabs offers custom-designed Fast Steering Mirrors for specialized applications. Key features include:
Thorlabs offers custom-designed Fast Steering Mirrors for specialized applications. Key features include:
- Customizable options for scan angle, mirror size, shape, and reflective coating.
- Digital motion control loop and trajectory generator for enhanced performance.
- Feedback and feedforward control options for precise aiming and trajectory tracking.
- Capability for lifetime, vibration, and performance testing under various conditions.
Galvanometer Mirror Systems
The GVSM001 and GVSM002 packages are complete 1D and 2D scanning mirror systems suitable for raster and vector scanning applications. Features include:
The GVSM001 and GVSM002 packages are complete 1D and 2D scanning mirror systems suitable for raster and vector scanning applications. Features include:
- Optically encoded mirror position with 99.9% linearity.
- Advanced analog control circuit with current damping and error limit.
- Specifications such as a maximum beam diameter of 5 mm, full scan range of ±12.5°, and a small-angle scan bandwidth of 1 kHz.
Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) Modules
Thorlabs’ PMT Modules are designed for easy integration into imaging systems. Key features include:
Thorlabs’ PMT Modules are designed for easy integration into imaging systems. Key features include:
- High detection efficiency with broad spectral response from 185 – 900 nm.
- Expandable to up to 8 detection channels.
- Compatible with Thorlabs’ Laser Scanning Essentials Kits.
Conclusion
Thorlabs provides a range of customizable optical components designed to meet the specific needs of various applications in microscopy and laser scanning. Their products are engineered for high performance, precision, and flexibility, making them suitable for both standard and specialized applications.
Thorlabs provides a range of customizable optical components designed to meet the specific needs of various applications in microscopy and laser scanning. Their products are engineered for high performance, precision, and flexibility, making them suitable for both standard and specialized applications.
Overview: The document provides detailed specifications and features of the Two-Channel Photomultiplier Module (PMTSS2) and related components, designed for use in microscopy and spectroscopy applications.
Specifications:
- Optical: The module uses multi-alkali photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a spectral response range of 185 – 900 nm and peak sensitivity at 450 nm. It has a radiant sensitivity of 105 mA/W and a rise time of 1.4 ns at maximum gain.
- Electrical: The output signal current is capped at 10 µA, with an input voltage requirement of ±15 V. The gain control input voltage ranges from 0.25 to 1.0 V.
- General: The operating temperature is between 15 to 40 °C, with storage temperatures ranging from -20 to 50 °C.
Features:
- The PMTSS2 module includes two multi-alkali PMTs and a removable fluorescence filter cube. It is compatible with SM1-threaded mounts for housing filter blocks.
- Standalone multi-alkali PMTs are available, offering a broadband spectral response.
- The module supports high-speed scanning at 30 frames per second for confocal microscopy systems.
Compatibility and Accessories:
- The PMTSS2 can be combined with a PMTSS2-SCM single-channel add-on module for three-channel detection.
- Microscope adapters are available for various models, including Olympus, Nikon, Leica, and Zeiss, allowing integration with SM1 and SM2 threaded components.
- The CVH100 cuvette holder is compatible with standard micro and macro cuvettes, featuring four light ports for fiber and free-space applications.
Pricing:
- PMTSS2 is priced at $6,250.00, while the PMTSS2-SCM add-on module costs $3,200.00.
- Microscope adapters and other accessories are available at varying prices, depending on the model and specifications.
Cuvette Holders
The CVH100 cuvette holder is designed for micro and macro cuvettes with a fiber port. It includes a filter holder for Ø1" mounted filters up to 7 mm thick, used for wavelength isolation. The holder has four access ports compatible with 30 mm cage systems and SM1-threaded products. It can be post-mounted and is protected by a black anodized aluminum coating.
The CVH100 cuvette holder is designed for micro and macro cuvettes with a fiber port. It includes a filter holder for Ø1" mounted filters up to 7 mm thick, used for wavelength isolation. The holder has four access ports compatible with 30 mm cage systems and SM1-threaded products. It can be post-mounted and is protected by a black anodized aluminum coating.
Optical Spectrum Analyzers
Thorlabs offers Optical Spectrum Analyzers (OSAs) based on Fourier Transform Spectrometer design, suitable for visible or near-infrared spectral regions. They provide high optical throughput, wide wavelength range, and high spectral resolution, with wavelength accuracy of less than 1 pm.
Thorlabs offers Optical Spectrum Analyzers (OSAs) based on Fourier Transform Spectrometer design, suitable for visible or near-infrared spectral regions. They provide high optical throughput, wide wavelength range, and high spectral resolution, with wavelength accuracy of less than 1 pm.
Achromatic FiberPorts
Thorlabs’ Achromatic FiberPorts are adjustable fiber coupling and collimation devices featuring an achromatic doublet lens. They offer five axes of adjustment and are suitable for polarization-sensitive applications. The achromatic design minimizes chromatic aberrations, allowing use over a broad wavelength range without realignment.
Thorlabs’ Achromatic FiberPorts are adjustable fiber coupling and collimation devices featuring an achromatic doublet lens. They offer five axes of adjustment and are suitable for polarization-sensitive applications. The achromatic design minimizes chromatic aberrations, allowing use over a broad wavelength range without realignment.
Stage Micrometers and Grid Arrays
Stage micrometers are used for calibrating imaging devices. Thorlabs offers positive slides with 10 mm or 1 mm scales, and grid arrays for distortion detection. The R1L3S1P and R1L3S2P models provide precise measurements with 50 µm and 10 µm divisions, respectively.
Stage micrometers are used for calibrating imaging devices. Thorlabs offers positive slides with 10 mm or 1 mm scales, and grid arrays for distortion detection. The R1L3S1P and R1L3S2P models provide precise measurements with 50 µm and 10 µm divisions, respectively.
Resolution Test Targets
Thorlabs provides resolution test targets made from plating chrome on glass substrates. These targets help determine the resolution of optical systems, with patterns conforming to MIL-S-150A standards. The USAF 1951 and NBS 1963A targets offer various resolutions and patterns.
Thorlabs provides resolution test targets made from plating chrome on glass substrates. These targets help determine the resolution of optical systems, with patterns conforming to MIL-S-150A standards. The USAF 1951 and NBS 1963A targets offer various resolutions and patterns.
T-Scopes (Thorlabs Microscopes)
Thorlabs’ T-Scopes are adaptable microscopes for various applications, featuring a focus-adjustable C-mount adapter and a five-objective turret. Available in manual and motorized versions, they offer precise Z-axis adjustments and compatibility with SM1 and SM2 lens tube systems. The motorized version includes software and a user interface for enhanced control.
Thorlabs’ T-Scopes are adaptable microscopes for various applications, featuring a focus-adjustable C-mount adapter and a five-objective turret. Available in manual and motorized versions, they offer precise Z-axis adjustments and compatibility with SM1 and SM2 lens tube systems. The motorized version includes software and a user interface for enhanced control.
Overview: The document provides detailed information on Thorlabs' imaging systems and components, focusing on the stability and functionality enhancements offered by their products. It highlights the advantages of using a 3/4" thick breadboard base for increased stability in T-Scopes and Focus Blocks, compared to a standard 1/2" thick aluminum breadboard. The base features side grips and recessed feet for easy transportation.
Specifications: The document specifies the features of Thorlabs' Post-Mountable Focus Blocks, which are available in manual and motorized versions. These blocks provide 30 mm of travel along the Z-axis with fine and coarse adjustment knobs and include a five-objective turret with M26 x 36 TPI threading. Adapters for RMS-threaded objectives are included, with additional adapters available for purchase.
Motorized Features: The MGZ30-MOT Motorized Focus Block includes a stepper motor and built-in encoder for positional readout, powered by USB, and comes with software and a user interface. It offers motorized Z translation with encoder response to automated or manual adjustments.
Pricing: The document lists prices for various components, including the MGZ30 Manual Focus Block and MGZ30-MOT Motorized Focus Block, along with thread adapters like M25A1, RMSA7, and SM1A28.
Additional Components: The MPH16 Motorized Pinhole Wheel is highlighted for its automated and repeatable pinhole positioning, featuring a chrome-plated glass disk with 16 pinholes and a high-precision encoded motor. It is compatible with Thorlabs' 30 mm cage system.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): The document provides an overview of OCT, a noninvasive optical imaging modality offering real-time imaging with micron-level resolution. It compares OCT with other imaging modalities and describes the principles of Fourier Domain OCT, including Spectral Domain and Swept Source OCT systems.
Software: Thorlabs' OCT software offers scan and acquisition controls, allowing users to define scan lines or areas for 2D or 3D imaging. The software includes features for image display control, line averaging, and automated display options.
Overview
Thorlabs offers a comprehensive suite of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems, each equipped with software for image processing, scan control, and display. The software includes interactive video modes, high-speed volume rendering, and Doppler imaging capabilities. Users can customize the software for specific applications using LabVIEW and C-based Software Development Kits.
Thorlabs offers a comprehensive suite of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems, each equipped with software for image processing, scan control, and display. The software includes interactive video modes, high-speed volume rendering, and Doppler imaging capabilities. Users can customize the software for specific applications using LabVIEW and C-based Software Development Kits.
Features
- Interactive Click and Scan Video Mode
- High-Speed Volume Rendering Display
- Doppler Imaging
- Versatile Scan and Acquisition Control
- Interactive Click and Scan Video Mode
- High-Speed Volume Rendering Display
- Doppler Imaging
- Versatile Scan and Acquisition Control
Doppler OCT Imaging
Doppler OCT imaging is standard in all systems, allowing for the visualization of particle motion within a sample. It uses phase shifts between adjacent pixels to calculate Doppler frequency shifts, which are displayed using a colormap to indicate flow direction relative to the OCT beam.
Doppler OCT imaging is standard in all systems, allowing for the visualization of particle motion within a sample. It uses phase shifts between adjacent pixels to calculate Doppler frequency shifts, which are displayed using a colormap to indicate flow direction relative to the OCT beam.
3D Imaging Mode
In 3D mode, the OCT probe scans the sample to create a 3D image from 2D cross-sectional images. Users can define the scan region using live video images and manual inputs. The software allows for orthogonal cross-sectional plane views and volume renderings, enabling detailed visualization of internal structures.
In 3D mode, the OCT probe scans the sample to create a 3D image from 2D cross-sectional images. Users can define the scan region using live video images and manual inputs. The software allows for orthogonal cross-sectional plane views and volume renderings, enabling detailed visualization of internal structures.
Data Recording and Archiving
The software supports various data archiving methods, including raw data, OCT image data, and Doppler phase data. Users can specify recording options and save images in multiple formats. Playback mode allows for data processing, review, and export.
The software supports various data archiving methods, including raw data, OCT image data, and Doppler phase data. Users can specify recording options and save images in multiple formats. Playback mode allows for data processing, review, and export.
Principles of Doppler OCT
Doppler OCT uses the Fourier transform of the interferogram to produce a complex signal, with phase shifts indicating Doppler frequency shifts due to particle motion. The mean velocity of particles can be quantified using the angle between the OCT beam and flow vector.
Doppler OCT uses the Fourier transform of the interferogram to produce a complex signal, with phase shifts indicating Doppler frequency shifts due to particle motion. The mean velocity of particles can be quantified using the angle between the OCT beam and flow vector.
Choosing an OCT System
Thorlabs provides a selection guide to help users choose the appropriate OCT system based on technical specifications such as center wavelength, A-Scan/Line rate, resolution, field of view, and sensitivity. Systems are available with center wavelengths of 930 nm or 1325 nm, each offering different imaging depth and resolution capabilities.
Thorlabs provides a selection guide to help users choose the appropriate OCT system based on technical specifications such as center wavelength, A-Scan/Line rate, resolution, field of view, and sensitivity. Systems are available with center wavelengths of 930 nm or 1325 nm, each offering different imaging depth and resolution capabilities.
Spectral Domain OCT Systems
Thorlabs offers several Spectral Domain OCT systems, each designed for optimal balance between imaging depth and resolution. These systems include high-power Superluminescent Diode light sources and high-quality detection systems, with options for custom and OEM configurations.
Thorlabs offers several Spectral Domain OCT systems, each designed for optimal balance between imaging depth and resolution. These systems include high-power Superluminescent Diode light sources and high-quality detection systems, with options for custom and OEM configurations.
Overview
The document provides detailed information on various Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems offered by Thorlabs, including the CALLISTO, GANYMEDE, HYPERION, and TELESTO models. These systems are designed for different imaging applications, offering varying levels of sensitivity, speed, and resolution.
The document provides detailed information on various Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems offered by Thorlabs, including the CALLISTO, GANYMEDE, HYPERION, and TELESTO models. These systems are designed for different imaging applications, offering varying levels of sensitivity, speed, and resolution.
CALLISTO OCT System
The CALLISTO system is highlighted for its high sensitivity, making it ideal for imaging static or in vitro samples. It features a 930 nm superluminescent diode light source, a 2D scanning probe, and a video camera for live imaging. The system is user-friendly and comes with a computer and software for immediate use.
The CALLISTO system is highlighted for its high sensitivity, making it ideal for imaging static or in vitro samples. It features a 930 nm superluminescent diode light source, a 2D scanning probe, and a video camera for live imaging. The system is user-friendly and comes with a computer and software for immediate use.
Specifications:
- Center Wavelength: 930 nm
- A-Scan Rate: 1.2 kHz
- Axial Resolution: 7 µm
- Lateral Resolution: 8 µm
- Sensitivity: 105 dB
GANYMEDE OCT System
The GANYMEDE system balances sensitivity and speed, suitable for biological and industrial imaging. It offers a higher A-Scan rate of 29 kHz and includes similar features as the CALLISTO, with a larger field of view.
The GANYMEDE system balances sensitivity and speed, suitable for biological and industrial imaging. It offers a higher A-Scan rate of 29 kHz and includes similar features as the CALLISTO, with a larger field of view.
Specifications:
- Center Wavelength: 930 nm
- A-Scan Rate: 29 kHz
- Axial Resolution: 5.8 µm
- Sensitivity: 91 dB
HYPERION OCT System
The HYPERION system is designed for high-speed imaging, capable of 110,000 A-Scans per second, making it ideal for fast volume data acquisition.
The HYPERION system is designed for high-speed imaging, capable of 110,000 A-Scans per second, making it ideal for fast volume data acquisition.
Specifications:
- Center Wavelength: 930 nm
- A-Scan Rate: 110 kHz
- Axial Resolution: 5.8 µm
- Sensitivity: 86 dB
TELESTO OCT System
The TELESTO system offers flexibility with three acquisition modes, providing deep image penetration and high resolution. It is suitable for high-speed and biomedical imaging applications.
The TELESTO system offers flexibility with three acquisition modes, providing deep image penetration and high resolution. It is suitable for high-speed and biomedical imaging applications.
Specifications:
- Center Wavelength: 1325 nm
- Axial Resolution: 6.5 µm
- Sensitivity: Up to 106 dB
Custom Configurations
Thorlabs offers custom and OEM configurations for all systems, including options for extended imaging depth and different central wavelengths. They provide support for feasibility studies and custom system design to meet specific customer needs.
Thorlabs offers custom and OEM configurations for all systems, including options for extended imaging depth and different central wavelengths. They provide support for feasibility studies and custom system design to meet specific customer needs.
Conclusion
Thorlabs' OCT systems are versatile tools for various imaging applications, offering a range of features to suit different requirements. The document emphasizes the systems' capabilities, specifications, and customization options available to users.
Thorlabs' OCT systems are versatile tools for various imaging applications, offering a range of features to suit different requirements. The document emphasizes the systems' capabilities, specifications, and customization options available to users.
Swept Source Features
Thorlabs’ Swept Source-based Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Systems are designed for imaging highly scattering samples like small animals and biological tissues. The systems use a 1325 nm central wavelength and a long coherence length laser source, allowing deep image penetration up to 6 mm. Unlike Spectral Domain OCT, Swept Source OCT does not experience sensitivity degradation at longer imaging depths, making it ideal for applications requiring deep imaging.
Thorlabs’ Swept Source-based Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Systems are designed for imaging highly scattering samples like small animals and biological tissues. The systems use a 1325 nm central wavelength and a long coherence length laser source, allowing deep image penetration up to 6 mm. Unlike Spectral Domain OCT, Swept Source OCT does not experience sensitivity degradation at longer imaging depths, making it ideal for applications requiring deep imaging.
OCS1300A1 SS-OCT Imaging System
The OCS1300A1 system offers the deepest imaging capability among Thorlabs OCT systems, featuring a compact design with a 3D scanning probe and integrated video camera. It includes a computer with high-performance software, enabling immediate use. Key features include imaging depth up to 6 mm, high-speed scan rates, and suitability for imaging small animals and highly scattering biological samples.
The OCS1300A1 system offers the deepest imaging capability among Thorlabs OCT systems, featuring a compact design with a 3D scanning probe and integrated video camera. It includes a computer with high-performance software, enabling immediate use. Key features include imaging depth up to 6 mm, high-speed scan rates, and suitability for imaging small animals and highly scattering biological samples.
Specifications
Key specifications include a center wavelength of 1325 nm, an A-Scan/Line Rate of over 50 kHz, axial resolution of 12 µm, lateral resolution of 25 µm, and a sensitivity of 100 dB. The system is designed for real-time skin imaging and other applications requiring high-resolution imaging.
Key specifications include a center wavelength of 1325 nm, an A-Scan/Line Rate of over 50 kHz, axial resolution of 12 µm, lateral resolution of 25 µm, and a sensitivity of 100 dB. The system is designed for real-time skin imaging and other applications requiring high-resolution imaging.
Polarization-Sensitive OCT (PS-OCT)
PS-OCT is an extension of OCT that measures the polarization properties of light from birefringent samples, providing additional contrast. It is useful for imaging biological tissues like tendons and muscles, as well as industrial materials. The system offers real-time, high-resolution imaging capabilities, making it suitable for studying eye diseases, dental diseases, and more.
PS-OCT is an extension of OCT that measures the polarization properties of light from birefringent samples, providing additional contrast. It is useful for imaging biological tissues like tendons and muscles, as well as industrial materials. The system offers real-time, high-resolution imaging capabilities, making it suitable for studying eye diseases, dental diseases, and more.
OCT Microscope
The OCS1300A1-NIK Nikon FN1 OCT Microscope combines Thorlabs’ OCT engine with a Nikon microscope, enabling 2D and 3D imaging. It features a collinear optical design for easy switching between OCT and microscopy modalities, maintaining registration and allowing overlay of images with minimal correction.
The OCS1300A1-NIK Nikon FN1 OCT Microscope combines Thorlabs’ OCT engine with a Nikon microscope, enabling 2D and 3D imaging. It features a collinear optical design for easy switching between OCT and microscopy modalities, maintaining registration and allowing overlay of images with minimal correction.
Publications and Collaborations
Thorlabs collaborates with scientists and highlights journal articles utilizing their OCT products. The document lists various publications in fields such as developmental biology, vascular imaging, industrial applications, ophthalmology, and biomedical research, showcasing the versatility and application of Thorlabs’ OCT systems.
Thorlabs collaborates with scientists and highlights journal articles utilizing their OCT products. The document lists various publications in fields such as developmental biology, vascular imaging, industrial applications, ophthalmology, and biomedical research, showcasing the versatility and application of Thorlabs’ OCT systems.
Introduction
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality capable of producing micron-scale, cross-sectional, and volumetric images. It has significant applications in medical imaging fields such as ophthalmology, dermatology, and cardiology. However, current OCT systems face limitations in scan speeds, depth of view, and cost.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality capable of producing micron-scale, cross-sectional, and volumetric images. It has significant applications in medical imaging fields such as ophthalmology, dermatology, and cardiology. However, current OCT systems face limitations in scan speeds, depth of view, and cost.
Technological Advancements
Thorlabs, in partnership with Praevium Research, is developing advanced OCT systems and components. A key development is the MEMS-tunable VCSEL, which aims to overcome existing OCT limitations by offering rapid sweep speed, broad tuning range, long coherence length, high laser output power, and low cost.
Thorlabs, in partnership with Praevium Research, is developing advanced OCT systems and components. A key development is the MEMS-tunable VCSEL, which aims to overcome existing OCT limitations by offering rapid sweep speed, broad tuning range, long coherence length, high laser output power, and low cost.
MEMS-Tunable VCSEL Features
- Rapid Sweep Speed: Enables high-speed imaging without sacrificing quality, achieving sweep rates greater than 500 kHz.
- Broad Tuning Range: Offers a remarkable 110 nm of continuous mode-hop-free tuning centered around 1300 nm.
- Long Coherence Length: Provides a depth-of-view greater than 25 mm, beneficial for clinical applications.
- High Output Power: Achieves greater than 30 mW of power with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).
- Low Cost: Integrated manufacturing of gain media and tuning element on a single chip reduces costs.
Applications and Benefits
The MEMS-tunable VCSEL is suitable for various applications beyond medical imaging, such as large objective surface profiling and fast spectroscopic measurements. Its development promises to enhance the capabilities and accessibility of OCT systems.
The MEMS-tunable VCSEL is suitable for various applications beyond medical imaging, such as large objective surface profiling and fast spectroscopic measurements. Its development promises to enhance the capabilities and accessibility of OCT systems.
Conclusion
Thorlabs and Praevium's collaboration on MEMS-tunable VCSELs represents a significant advancement in OCT technology, addressing key limitations and expanding potential applications.
Thorlabs and Praevium's collaboration on MEMS-tunable VCSELs represents a significant advancement in OCT technology, addressing key limitations and expanding potential applications.
Overview: Thorlabs’ Quantum Electronics (TQE) division is expanding its semiconductor manufacturing capabilities to include MEMS-tunable VCSELs, leveraging their existing 40,000 ft² facility and experienced personnel. This expansion aims to serve both clinical imaging markets and core research applications.
Specifications: The document details the specifications of various light sources, including the SLD1325, a high-power, broadband 1325 nm Superluminescent Diode (SLD). Key specifications include a central wavelength of 1325 nm, bandwidth (FWHM) >100 nm, and fiber-coupled power >10 mW. The SLD is hermetically sealed and includes a thermoelectric cooler and thermistor for temperature control.
Capabilities and Equipment: Additional capabilities and equipment are necessary for mass production of MEMS-tunable VCSELs. Thorlabs is committed to building the necessary infrastructure to support this production.
Applications: MEMS-tunable VCSELs are highlighted for their potential to advance optical coherence tomography (OCT) into new applications and markets due to their high-speed, wide spectral tuning range, and long coherence length.
Product Features: The document describes features of the SLD1325, such as integrated TEC and thermistor for temperature control, integrated optical isolator, and FC/APC-terminated fiber pigtail to minimize optical feedback.
Extended Broadband SLD Light Source: The LS2000B is an extended broadband SLD light source for high-resolution OCT systems, offering a bandwidth >170 nm and fiber-coupled power >10 mW. It includes dual SLD light sources for broadband spectral output and remote control via USB.
Balanced Detectors: Thorlabs offers a range of balanced detectors optimized for low DC offset and high transimpedance gain, improving signal-to-noise ratio in OCT systems. These detectors cover different bandwidths and wavelengths from 320 – 1700 nm.
Conclusion: Thorlabs is actively developing and expanding its product offerings in semiconductor-based components, particularly focusing on MEMS-tunable VCSELs and SLDs for advanced imaging systems.
Overview: The document provides detailed specifications and features of various optical components and modules designed for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems, including balanced detectors, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Michelson interferometers, and fiber-optic couplers.
Polarization Dependent, Balanced Detector (INT-POL-1300):
- Wavelength Range: 1270 – 1350 nm
- Fiber Type: Corning SMF-28e+
- Optical Connectors: FC/APC
- Max Input Power: 20 mW at 1300 nm
- Electrical Output: SMA, 50 Ω
- Features include integrated signal detection with active aliasing filter and excellent common mode rejection.
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Modules (INT-MZI Series):
- Designed for swept source OCT systems with central wavelengths of 850 nm, 1050 nm, or 1300 nm.
- Features include ultra-low noise, high-speed transimpedance amplifier, and balanced detection scheme for common mode noise rejection.
- Power Monitor Bandwidth: DC – 200 MHz
Michelson Interferometer Modules (INT-MSI Series):
- Wavelength Range: 1250 - 1350 nm
- Detector Material: InGaAs/PIN
- Output Bandwidth: DC to 15 MHz or DC to 100 MHz
- Features include high transimpedance gain and input for a 660 nm aiming laser for alignment.
Common-Path Interferometer Module (INT-COM-1300):
- Wavelength Range: 1250 nm – 1350 nm
- Insertion Loss: <1.5 dB (Typical) from 1300 nm Input to Probe
- Features include flat wavelength response and compact design.
OCT-Proven Broadband Fiber-Optic Couplers:
- Designed for broad spectral range with minimal spectral dependency.
- Operating Wavelengths: 1310 ± 70 nm, 850 ± 40 nm
- Features include low insertion loss and flat spectral response.
Overview: The document provides detailed specifications and descriptions of various fiber optic components and systems, primarily focusing on broadband fiber optic couplers, circulators, wavelength division multiplexers (WDM), polarization controllers, and fast steering mirrors. These components are essential for applications in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other optical systems.
1. Fiber Optic Couplers:
- Various models are available, including those operating at 850 nm and 1310 nm with different splitting ratios (e.g., 50:50, 1:99, 10:90).
- Designed for broadband experiments and OCT imaging, ensuring a flat response across a wide wavelength range.
- Maximum variation in optical path is limited to 1.5 dB for a 140 nm bandwidth and 1.0 dB for a 100 nm bandwidth.
2. OCT-Proven Broadband Circulators:
- Circulators like the CIR-1310-50-APC guide light efficiently between ports with minimal loss, crucial for OCT system designs.
- Features include a flat spectral response, high isolation (>28 dB), and low insertion loss (<1.6 dB).
3. Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDM):
- Components like the WD202A2-FC combine signals at 660 nm and 1310 nm, ideal for OCT and aiming beam integration.
- Low insertion loss and broad operating wavelength range are key features.
4. Fiber Polarization Controllers:
- Devices such as the FPC Series convert elliptically polarized light into linearly polarized light using stress-induced birefringence.
- Available in various configurations, including miniature and large paddle designs, suitable for different fiber types.
5. Fast Steering Mirrors:
- The FSM20XY is a high-performance 2D steering mirror with a wide angular range (> ±24.0°) and fast response times.
- Features include digital closed-loop feedback control, fault detection, and easy integration into optical systems.
Conclusion: The document provides comprehensive technical details and specifications for fiber optic components used in advanced optical systems, emphasizing their application in OCT and other imaging technologies.
Specifications:
The document provides detailed specifications for Thorlabs' Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM) and Galvanometer Mirror Systems. Key specifications include:
The document provides detailed specifications for Thorlabs' Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM) and Galvanometer Mirror Systems. Key specifications include:
- Angular Response: 50 ms (24°), 10 ms (0.5°), 3 ms (1 mrad)
- Max Mechanical Scan Angle: ±12.0° x ±12.0°
- Clear Aperture: 20 mm
- Wavelength Range: 450 nm - 20 µm
- Damage Threshold: >10 W/cm²
- Communication Modes: UART, RS232, USB 2.0
- Operating Temperature Range: 0 to 40 °C
Procedures and Design:
The document outlines the design and testing procedures for FSMs, emphasizing custom design capabilities for OEM applications. Thorlabs offers:
The document outlines the design and testing procedures for FSMs, emphasizing custom design capabilities for OEM applications. Thorlabs offers:
- Custom mirror designs with options for scan angle, mirror size, shape, and coating
- Digital motion control and trajectory generation for enhanced performance
- Feedback and feedforward control options for precise aiming and trajectory tracking
- Lifetime, vibration, and performance testing under various conditions
Controller Design and Performance Testing:
Thorlabs' FSMs are equipped with in-house designed motion control hardware and algorithms, allowing for rapid point-to-point motions and precise trajectory following. The document highlights:
Thorlabs' FSMs are equipped with in-house designed motion control hardware and algorithms, allowing for rapid point-to-point motions and precise trajectory following. The document highlights:
- Electromagnetic actuator designs for different mirror shapes and sizes
- Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for design optimization
- Optical testing to ensure mirror flatness and surface quality
Applications:
FSMs are suitable for various applications, including:
FSMs are suitable for various applications, including:
- Laser Scanning
- Laser Beam Stabilization
- Image Stabilization
- Laser Tracking and Pointing
Galvanometer Mirror Systems:
The document describes the GVSM001 and GVSM002 systems, which are complete 1D and 2D scanning mirror systems ideal for raster and vector scanning applications. Key features include:
The document describes the GVSM001 and GVSM002 systems, which are complete 1D and 2D scanning mirror systems ideal for raster and vector scanning applications. Key features include:
- Max Beam Diameter: 5 mm
- Full Scan Range: ±12.5°
- Position Resolution: 0.00086° (15 µrad)
- Closed-loop mirror positioning with optical encoding
Additional Features:
Thorlabs also offers telecentric scan lenses for OCT imaging systems, which maintain uniform spot size and minimize image distortion. These lenses are AR coated for specific wavelength ranges to enhance transmission efficiency.
Thorlabs also offers telecentric scan lenses for OCT imaging systems, which maintain uniform spot size and minimize image distortion. These lenses are AR coated for specific wavelength ranges to enhance transmission efficiency.
Overview of Adaptive Optics (AO) Systems
Adaptive optics (AO) systems are crucial in various fields such as femtosecond pulse shaping, microscopy, laser communication, vision correction, and retinal imaging. These systems address undesirable time-varying optical effects by improving optical resolution through wavefront correction.
Adaptive optics (AO) systems are crucial in various fields such as femtosecond pulse shaping, microscopy, laser communication, vision correction, and retinal imaging. These systems address undesirable time-varying optical effects by improving optical resolution through wavefront correction.
Components of AO Systems
An AO system typically consists of three main components:
An AO system typically consists of three main components:
- Wavefront Sensor: Measures deviations in the wavefront.
- Deformable Mirror: Adjusts its shape to correct distorted wavefronts.
- Real-Time Control Software: Calculates the necessary adjustments for the deformable mirror based on sensor data.
Aberration Compensation
AO systems can correct monochromatic aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and distortion. However, they cannot correct chromatic aberrations involving multiple wavelengths.
AO systems can correct monochromatic aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and distortion. However, they cannot correct chromatic aberrations involving multiple wavelengths.
Thorlabs’ Adaptive Optics Kits
Thorlabs offers AO kits designed for easy integration into research imaging systems. Each kit includes:
Thorlabs offers AO kits designed for easy integration into research imaging systems. Each kit includes:
- A MEMS-based deformable mirror.
- A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.
- Necessary optics and mounting hardware.
- Application software and a software development kit (SDK).
Deformable Mirrors
Thorlabs provides deformable mirrors with either 32 or 140 actuators, available in gold or aluminum coatings. These mirrors use electrostatic actuation for precise wavefront correction without hysteresis.
Thorlabs provides deformable mirrors with either 32 or 140 actuators, available in gold or aluminum coatings. These mirrors use electrostatic actuation for precise wavefront correction without hysteresis.
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensors
The wavefront sensors measure deviations from a reference wavefront using a microlens array. Thorlabs offers high-sensitivity and high-speed sensors, capable of operating at different frame rates and resolutions.
The wavefront sensors measure deviations from a reference wavefront using a microlens array. Thorlabs offers high-sensitivity and high-speed sensors, capable of operating at different frame rates and resolutions.
Benefits of Adaptive Optics
AO systems significantly enhance imaging quality by correcting wavefront aberrations, resulting in clearer and more precise images.
AO systems significantly enhance imaging quality by correcting wavefront aberrations, resulting in clearer and more precise images.
Overview: The document provides detailed information on Adaptive Optics Kits, focusing on components such as Deformable Mirrors (DMs) and Wavefront Sensors (WFS). It outlines the specifications, control features, and application software associated with these components.
Deformable Mirror Control: The control interface allows users to adjust actuator deflections in nanometers, either individually or in groups. Specific mirror shapes can be saved and recalled, facilitating the creation of a library of mirror configurations.
Shack-Hartmann Control: This section describes the four-tab display system for wavefront sensor data, including wavefront plots and Zernike coefficients. Users can adjust settings to filter out low-intensity spots and control camera exposure and gain.
Zernike Wavefront Generator Control: Users can create reference wavefronts using the first 36 Zernike terms, with options for 3D surface or 2D contour plots. Reference wavefronts can be saved and recalled.
Application Software: The AO Kit includes a demo application for minimizing wavefront aberrations and monitoring real-time adjustments. It supports user-defined aberrations and provides tooltips for SDK-based application development.
Software Development Kit (SDK): The SDK is compatible with various programming environments and includes a comprehensive DLL application library. It supports multiple wavefront sensors and deformable mirrors, with expandable capabilities for other adaptive optics kits.
Deformable Mirrors: The document details the features of Mini-DM and Multi-DM models, including actuator specifications, coating options, and performance parameters. The mirrors are designed for high-speed operation and precise wavefront control.
Choosing a DM: The section advises on selecting a DM based on actuator stroke, number of actuators, and control software limitations. It emphasizes the importance of actuator stroke for performance and convergence of control loops.
Product Specifications: The document lists various AO Kits and Deformable Mirrors with pricing and specifications, including actuator arrays, mirror coatings, and mechanical response times.
Overview
Thorlabs offers adaptive optics kits designed to integrate into research systems quickly. These kits include a MEMS-based deformable mirror, a Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor, real-time control software, a light source, collimation/imaging optics, and mounting hardware. The goal is to provide an economical and easy-to-use adaptive optics solution.
Thorlabs offers adaptive optics kits designed to integrate into research systems quickly. These kits include a MEMS-based deformable mirror, a Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor, real-time control software, a light source, collimation/imaging optics, and mounting hardware. The goal is to provide an economical and easy-to-use adaptive optics solution.
Adaptive Optics Kits
The kits are designed to be integrated into research systems within hours. They include all necessary components for adaptive optics systems, such as deformable mirrors and wavefront sensors.
The kits are designed to be integrated into research systems within hours. They include all necessary components for adaptive optics systems, such as deformable mirrors and wavefront sensors.
Deformable Mirrors
Thorlabs provides deformable mirrors with actuator arrays, available in different configurations such as 12 x 12 and 6 x 6 arrays, to suit various research needs.
Thorlabs provides deformable mirrors with actuator arrays, available in different configurations such as 12 x 12 and 6 x 6 arrays, to suit various research needs.
Wavefront Sensors
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are used to measure wavefront deviations. They utilize a lenslet array to divide an incoming beam into smaller beams, which are then imaged onto a camera. The sensors can fit measured wavefronts to Zernike polynomials up to the 10th order. The performance of these sensors is influenced by the number of lenslets, dynamic range, measurement sensitivity, and lenslet focal length.
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are used to measure wavefront deviations. They utilize a lenslet array to divide an incoming beam into smaller beams, which are then imaged onto a camera. The sensors can fit measured wavefronts to Zernike polynomials up to the 10th order. The performance of these sensors is influenced by the number of lenslets, dynamic range, measurement sensitivity, and lenslet focal length.
Key Features
- High sensitivity models up to λ/150 RMS
- High-speed models up to 450 fps
- Wavelength range: 300 – 1100 nm or 400 – 900 nm
- Real-time wavefront and intensity distribution measurements
- Flexible data export options
Software and Accessories
The included software offers a user-friendly interface for camera settings, calibration, analysis, and display options. Accessories include mounting adapters and base plates for easy integration into existing setups.
The included software offers a user-friendly interface for camera settings, calibration, analysis, and display options. Accessories include mounting adapters and base plates for easy integration into existing setups.
Specifications
Wavefront sensors are available in high-speed and high-resolution models, with various microlens arrays and coating options. The sensors are designed to provide accurate wavefront measurements with high dynamic range and sensitivity.
Wavefront sensors are available in high-speed and high-resolution models, with various microlens arrays and coating options. The sensors are designed to provide accurate wavefront measurements with high dynamic range and sensitivity.
Conclusion
Thorlabs' adaptive optics kits and wavefront sensors provide comprehensive solutions for integrating adaptive optics into research systems, offering flexibility, ease of use, and high performance.
Thorlabs' adaptive optics kits and wavefront sensors provide comprehensive solutions for integrating adaptive optics into research systems, offering flexibility, ease of use, and high performance.
Introduction to Scanning Slit Profilers:
Scanning slit profilers provide a true 2D analysis of a laser beam's power density distribution, allowing for the identification of complex mode patterns and optimization of laser systems. Thorlabs offers four models covering the 200 – 2700 nm range, utilizing Si, Ge, and INGaAs sensors suitable for continuous wave (CW) and pulsed sources operating at frequencies ≥10 Hz. These instruments boast a high dynamic range of 72 dB and can analyze laser beams with diameters from 10 µm to 9 mm.
Scanning slit profilers provide a true 2D analysis of a laser beam's power density distribution, allowing for the identification of complex mode patterns and optimization of laser systems. Thorlabs offers four models covering the 200 – 2700 nm range, utilizing Si, Ge, and INGaAs sensors suitable for continuous wave (CW) and pulsed sources operating at frequencies ≥10 Hz. These instruments boast a high dynamic range of 72 dB and can analyze laser beams with diameters from 10 µm to 9 mm.
Two-Photon Adaptive Optics Microscope:
The Two-Photon Adaptive Optics (2P-AO) Microscope combines Thorlabs’ Multiphoton Essentials Kit with a deformable mirror adaptive optic to correct aberrations during deep sample imaging. This system enhances image resolution and signal intensity by utilizing adaptive optics to correct wavefront distortions induced by the optical system and thick samples. A sensor-less closed-loop feedback system is employed to maximize detection efficiency.
The Two-Photon Adaptive Optics (2P-AO) Microscope combines Thorlabs’ Multiphoton Essentials Kit with a deformable mirror adaptive optic to correct aberrations during deep sample imaging. This system enhances image resolution and signal intensity by utilizing adaptive optics to correct wavefront distortions induced by the optical system and thick samples. A sensor-less closed-loop feedback system is employed to maximize detection efficiency.
Two-Photon Microscopy:
Two-photon microscopy is a nonlinear fluorescence imaging technique that allows optical sectioning up to 1 mm deep in living samples. It minimizes photobleaching and photodamage by localizing excitation and emission to the focal volume, reducing background noise and enabling deeper imaging.
Two-photon microscopy is a nonlinear fluorescence imaging technique that allows optical sectioning up to 1 mm deep in living samples. It minimizes photobleaching and photodamage by localizing excitation and emission to the focal volume, reducing background noise and enabling deeper imaging.
Adaptive Optics:
Adaptive optics aim to reduce aberrations in optical systems by compensating for wavefront distortions. The main component is a deformable mirror, which reshapes the wavefront to improve image quality. The 2P-AO microscope uses a sensor-less correction system to ensure optimal image quality.
Adaptive optics aim to reduce aberrations in optical systems by compensating for wavefront distortions. The main component is a deformable mirror, which reshapes the wavefront to improve image quality. The 2P-AO microscope uses a sensor-less correction system to ensure optimal image quality.
System Features and Components:
The 2P-AO Microscope includes a Multiphoton Essentials Kit and a gold-coated, 140 actuator Multi-Deformable Mirror. The system uses a femtosecond laser for two-photon excitation, with a closed-loop feedback system to continuously adjust the deformable mirror for optimal image quality. The system is compatible with Thorlabs’ Cage System Components and allows for imaging of large samples without a traditional microscope setup.
The 2P-AO Microscope includes a Multiphoton Essentials Kit and a gold-coated, 140 actuator Multi-Deformable Mirror. The system uses a femtosecond laser for two-photon excitation, with a closed-loop feedback system to continuously adjust the deformable mirror for optimal image quality. The system is compatible with Thorlabs’ Cage System Components and allows for imaging of large samples without a traditional microscope setup.
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Catalog excerpts
00_LSM Capabilities_1652.qxd.P:1652 7/29/11 8:26 AM Page 1652 Imaging Thorlabs’ Imaging group is a world-wide team dedicated to the development of Optical Coherence Tomography Systems, Microscopy Systems, and Adaptive Optics. The group is comprised of highly skilled engineers with expertise in optical systems design, mechanical and electrical systems integration, and software development. Through close collaboration with leading researchers, the group develops imaging systems and components to help advance the research endeavors of our customers. Many of our systems are customizable to meet various application needs. We encourage you to start a dialog about how we can best help fulfill your imaging needs. Expertise in Custom and OEM Product Development • Advanced Optical and Imaging Systems • Software Development • Modular System Designs are Easily Customizable In-House Design and Manufacturing Capabilities • Custom and OEM Opportunities • On-Site Demos, Loans, and Leasing Options Available Precision Testing of a Custom Fast Steering Mirror ThorImageLSTM Software Interface for Thorlabsʼ Laser Scanning Microscopy Systems Optical Coherence Tomography Research Lab 1652 www.thorlabs.com
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Selection Guide Laser Scanning Microscopy Selection Guide Multiphoton Systems Multiphoton Accessories Confocal Systems Laser Scanning Essentials Kit
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01_LSM Tutorial_1653-1659.qxd.P:1653-1659 7/26/11 2:37 PM Page 1654 Imaging M CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Microscopy Components OCT Imaging Systems OCT Components Adaptive Optics M SECTIONS Tutorial Multiphoton Systems Multiphoton Accessories Multiphoton Essentials Kit Confocal Systems Laser Scanning Essentials Kit Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 1 of 6) Introduction Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) is an indispensible imaging technique in the biological sciences. In this tutorial, we will be discussing confocal fluorescence imaging, multiphoton excitation fluorescence imaging,...
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01_LSM Tutorial_1653-1659.qxd.P:1653-1659 7/26/11 2:37 PM Page 1655 Imaging CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 2 of 6) Figure 3 - Signal Generation in Laser Scanning Microscopy Linear Microscopy S1 Nonlinear Microscopy Absorptive Process (A, B): The absorption of one or more excitation photons (λEX) promotes the molecule from the ground state (S0) to the excited state (S1). Fluorescence (λEM) is emitted when the molecule returns to the ground state. S 1* λ EX λ EX λ EX λ EM λ EM λ EX S0 λ SHG,THG λ EX S0 One-Photon Excited Fluorescence Multiphoton Excited Fluorescence Harmonic...
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01_LSM Tutorial_1653-1659.qxd.P:1653-1659 7/28/11 11:18 AM Page 1656 Imaging M CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Microscopy Components OCT Imaging Systems OCT Components Adaptive Optics M SECTIONS Tutorial Multiphoton Systems Multiphoton Accessories Multiphoton Essentials Kit Confocal Systems Laser Scanning Essentials Kit Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 3 of 6) Point illumination, typically from a single Figure 4 - Optical Path in the Laser Scanning Microscope mode, optical fiber-coupled CW laser, is the critical feature that allows optical A. Confocal Optical Path sectioning. The light...
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01_LSM Tutorial_1653-1659.qxd.P:1653-1659 7/28/11 11:21 AM Page 1657 Imaging CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 4 of 6) wavelength and numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens as seen in Eq. 1: SpotSize = Equation 1 1.22 . λex NA In actuality, the beam isn’t focused to a true point but rather to a bullseye-like shape called an Airy disk. The spot size is the distance between the first zero’s of the Airy disk (diameter across the middle of the first ring around the center of the bullseye) and is termed one Airy Unit (AU). This will become important again later when we discuss...
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01_LSM Tutorial_1653-1659.qxd.P:1653-1659 7/29/11 8:32 AM Page 1658 Imaging M CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Microscopy Components OCT Imaging Systems OCT Components Adaptive Optics M SECTIONS Tutorial Multiphoton Systems Multiphoton Accessories Multiphoton Essentials Kit Confocal Systems Laser Scanning Essentials Kit Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 5 of 6) Image Display Although we are not directly rendering an image, it is still important to consider the size of the image field, number of pixels in which we are displaying our image (capture resolution) on the screen, and the lateral...
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Laser Scanning Microscopy Tutorial (Page 6 of 6) relaxation times. Furthermore, re-exciting a fluorophore before it has relaxed back down to the ground state can lead to irreversible bleaching of the fluorophore. Cells have their own intrinsic mechanisms for dealing with the cytotoxicity associated with fluorescence when it occurs slowly. One method to reduce photobleaching and the associated cytotoxicity is through fast scanning. While reducing the amount of time the laser spends on a single point in the image will proportionally decrease the amount of detected signal, it also reduces some of...
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02_MPM Systems_1660-1666.qxd.P:1660-1666 7/26/11 3:21 PM Page 1660 Imaging M CHAPTERS Laser Scanning Microscopy Microscopy Components OCT Imaging Systems OCT Components Adaptive Optics M SECTIONS Tutorial Multiphoton Systems Multiphoton Accessories Multiphoton Essentials Kit Confocal Systems Confocal Accessories Multiphoton Microscopy Systems (Page 1 of 6) Multiphoton Microscopy offers several advantages over other laser scanning techniques, particularly the ability to image deeper into a sample. The modular design of Thorlabs’ Multiphoton Microscopy Systems is flexible enough to suit both researchers...
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02_MPM Systems_1660-1666.qxd.P:1660-1666 7/28/11 11:25 AM Page 1661 Imaging CHAPTERS Multiphoton Microscopy Systems (Page 2 of 6) Four-Channel Multiphoton System Thorlabs’ Four-Channel Multiphoton System, an extension of our MPM200-2 Two-Channel Multiphoton System presented on the previous two pages, includes an additional transmitted light detection module (TLDM). This system provides a total of four detection channels, making it ideal for monitoring fluorescence resulting from multiphoton excitation as well as photons attributed to second and third harmonic generation.* summed with the backscattered...
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