009 Foreword by the management 011 Introduction 015 The evolution of communication 023 the History of wireless communication 039 properties of electromagnetic waves 049 asics of wireless technology: B Frequencies 061 wireless coverage 073 The frequency channel 087 Wireless in industrial automation 095 asics of wireless technology: B Techniques and standards 139 Coexistence, safety and security 169 Antenna technology 181 ireless technologies and products W from steute for medical equipment 193 ireless technologies and products W from steute for industrial applications 205 Prospects 209 Appendix...

09 Communication via electromagnetic waves – referred to in short as radio or wireless communication – has a compelling story behind it. From the first attempts to generate electromagnetic waves with an electric arc to the most modern low-power ASIC transmitters, much has been discovered and researched and ultimately converted into usable solutions. This is especially true for the field of consumer electronics. From radios through mobile phones up to wireless thermometers, we are now surrounded by wireless devices. Wireless is also not a new topic in the industry. But, for many engineers the...

011 Wireless – a trend technology The cultural development of humanity is essentially determined by communication. A major problem of linguistic communication, however, lies in the limited range of sound waves. A virtually unlimited range and a variety of information transmission with sound, image and data and also a high coverage became possible only with the development of wireless communication: the radio broadcast. Albert Einstein said in his speech in Berlin at the opening of the Funkausstellung (consumer electronics fair) in 1930: »Hearing the radio, one wonders how people got hold of this...

012 The potential for success also lies hidden here – finding the right technology for the right application. For end-users, to begin with, it is irrelevant what this technology is and how it works in detail – he just wants to have a reliably functioning device that satisfies his requirements of availability and performance. The consumer market has already recognised this and has responded to it. Great creativity of the user But for all the creativity of the manufacturers, often the users are still more creative. Systems are used in applications in ways the manufacturer would not have even dared...

Nature has developed a variety of methods for the transmission or communication of information. The highly differentiated syllable language of the people has created a fundamental prerequisite for the development of civilisations. In both cases, exciting interactions happened between the communication partners and their methods of communication. While the natural systems of information transmission use mechanical, chemical, acoustic and optical techniques, humans, with the invention of the electric processes and particularly the wireless method for communication, have accomplished their own grandeur...

Evolution and communication In addition, human beings make use of acoustic communication for their art (music) and for medical (ultrasound) or therapeutic (psychosomatic) treatment. Acoustic communication has three main benefits: - Good distance coverage and range - Good spatial coverage (local accessibility in air and water) and a moderate assertiveness (vol.) - Flexibly adaptable to the users and their variously sophisticated languages and applications. Therefore, acoustic communication represents a substantial innovation on the path of humanity and for the cultural development of humans. Optical...

Evolution and communication The advantages of optical communication are thus: - Long range (visual contact) - igh spatial coverage, but limited to H unobstructed view - ssertiveness and confidentiality (directivity A option) - an be documented and preserved over long C periods in written form - ew perspectives for art, culture and science N (e.g. astronomy) Summarising the importance of communication for humanity - he communication processes developed in the T course of evolution ran parallel to the developmental stages of life. - Older communication methods were not replaced but expanded by...

The history of wireless communication

02 The discovery of electromagnetic waves The first wireless applications Milestones in the development of radio

02 // The history of wireless communication Maxwell‘s equations in the Gaussian cgs system Maxwell‘s equations in modern notation The discovery of radio waves Humans discovered electricity only relatively recently – which is due to the fact that humans did not sense it, i.e. lacked a sensory organ for the perception of electricity. In ancient Greece, it was observed for the first time that amber rubbed with organic materials (towels, cat fur) drew out non-metallic particles such as dust or papyrus pieces. Today we know that the amber was electrically charged. In ancient Greek »amber« means »electron«,...

The discovery of electromagnetic waves Heinrich Hertz Test set-up for experimental verification of electromagnetic waves Heinrich Hertz The actual proof of the predicted waves was acquired 22 years later, in 1888, through Heinrich Hertz. sparks at his first attempt, he accidentally discovered that a second coil in the vicinity, which was not connected electrically with the first coil, also emitted sparks. Hertz, who graduated at the age of 23 years, studied in Berlin under famous scholars such as Hermann von Helmholtz and Robert Kirchhoff. Helmholtz, who recognised the talent of his doctoral...

02 // The history of wireless communication Large Gezillator or transmitting dipole Coil Electromagnetic waves Transmission path Inductor Resonators with radio links Heinrich Hertz developed the first dipole In order to detect the faint sparks at the reson- was even able to detect the wavelength of about ator at all, he had to install an adjustable micro- nine metres. By comparing the waves on a taut meter and darken the room. wire in free space, he showed that the free waves propagate approximately at the speed of light. In the next step, he built a more powerful transmitter. It consisted of...