Introduction
U.S. soldiers in Iraq utilized a forward-osmosis membrane technology to obtain drinking water from urine, developed by Hydration Technologies (HTI). This innovation was crucial for survival in the desert when supply lines were disrupted.

Forward Osmosis Technology
Forward osmosis (FO) is a filtration method that does not require energy or mechanical parts, making it ideal for crisis situations. Unlike traditional filtration systems, FO does not clog easily and can handle turbid water. The process involves water diffusing through a membrane into a bag containing a sports-drink powder, leaving impurities behind.

Membrane Development
The key to FO's success is the membrane, which is hydrophilic and efficiently allows water to pass through while rejecting impurities like bacteria and viruses. HTI's membrane is a composite with an ultrathin FO layer, microfilter, and fabric backing, providing strength and effective filtration.

Mixing Technology
HTI required a mixer to create the membrane material. A triple-shaft mixer, the Ross VersaMix, was used to achieve the necessary consistency and cost-efficiency. This mixer combines a slow-speed anchor agitator, a high-speed disperser, and a rotor/stator high-shear mixer, allowing for intense shear and versatile mixing capabilities.

Conclusion
The triple-shaft mixer enabled efficient production of the membrane, reducing processing time from six to two hours. HTI plans to expand the application of this technology beyond military use to industries like homeland security and maritime.