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Rohde Schwarz
EMC Precompliance Solutions

EMC Precompliance Solutions

Product catalog summary

Introduction
This document provides an overview of ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) precompliance solutions, focusing on ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) testing. It includes definitions, testing procedures, and standards relevant to EMC.

Definition of EMC
EMC is the ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions or affecting other devices. The document focuses on the emission aspect of EMC, known as EMI.

Physics of EMC
The main elements of EMC include interference sources, sinks, and propagation mediums. EMC is categorized into susceptibility (EMS) and emission (EMI), with further subdivisions based on conducted and radiated interference.

Technical Sources of RF Disturbances
RF disturbances can originate from natural sources like atmospheric noise or technical sources such as telecommunications and household appliances. These disturbances are categorized into broadband/narrowband and low/high RF energy.

CISPR Standards
The document lists several CISPR publications that set limits and methods for measuring radio disturbance characteristics across various equipment types, including industrial, scientific, medical, and household devices.

EMI Testing Procedures
EMI testing involves measuring conducted and radiated emissions using various transducers and test receivers. The document details the setup and parameters for EMI voltage and power testing, including the use of Artificial Mains Networks (AMN) and Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN).

EMI Voltage Testing
This section covers the measurement of conducted EMI as a voltage using standardized load impedance. It outlines the basic test settings, setup, and safety considerations, emphasizing the importance of pulse protection and electrical safety.

EMI Power Testing
EMI power testing measures radiated EMI as a conducted signal using a current clamp. The document specifies the testing parameters, including frequency range and equipment used, such as the MDS (Meyer de Stadelhofen) system.

EMI Fieldstrength Testing
This involves measuring magnetic radiation using a loop antenna. The document describes the testing parameters and equipment, such as the CISPR triple-loop antenna, used for devices like induction heating plates and electric lighting.

Conclusion
The document provides a comprehensive guide to EMC precompliance testing, detailing the procedures, equipment, and standards necessary for effective EMI testing.

Overview of EMI Fieldstrength Testing
This document provides a comprehensive guide on EMI fieldstrength testing, focusing on various antennas, test environments, and equipment used in the process. It covers both electric and magnetic field measurements, detailing the specifications and procedures for each.

Loop Antenna Principle
The document describes the use of loop antennas for EMI fieldstrength tests, highlighting the importance of shielding and the role of impedance converters.

Electric Fieldstrength Measurement
Measurements are conducted using linear antennas over a frequency range of 30 MHz to 1000 MHz and beyond. The main equipment includes test receivers and linear broadband antennas, with tests conducted at special sites like Open Area Test Sites (OATS).

Test Environments
Various test environments are discussed, including Open Area Test Sites and Anechoic Chambers. The document details the specifications of these environments, such as the dimensions and absorber materials used.

Anechoic Chambers
Two types of anechoic chambers are described: semi-anechoic and full anechoic chambers. The full anechoic chamber offers better field uniformity and quicker test cycles.

Reverberation Chambers
These chambers are primarily used for immunity testing and are compared to microwave ovens in their operation.

Testing Parameters and Standards
The document outlines the standards for EMI testing, including CISPR 11, 13, 15, and 22. It specifies the frequency ranges, detectors, and test distances for different devices under test.

Antennas for EMI Testing
Various antennas are discussed, including biconical, log-periodic, and ultralog antennas, each with specific frequency ranges and applications.

Diagnostic Testing with Probes
Near-field probes are used for both qualitative and quantitative measurements, with frequency ranges specified for each type.

GTEM Cells
The document explains the principle and setup of Gigahertz Transverse ElectroMagnetic Cells (GTEM), which are cost-effective solutions for emission and immunity measurements.

EMI Receivers and Software
Rohde & Schwarz and Hameg provide various EMI receivers and precompliance software solutions. These tools are designed for development-accompanying and pre-certification testing, supporting remote control and offering user-friendly interfaces.

Catalog excerpts

Kenneth Rasmussen

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• Welcome & Introduction • Test sites & chambers for Fieldstrength testing • Overview of R&S products for EMI testing

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Definition of ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) "The ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without faults and vice versa, i. e. to ensure that operation does not influence the electromagnetic environment to the extent that the functions of other devices and systems are adversely EMS: Susceptibility (immunity) aspect EMI: Emission aspect < Focus of this presentation

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generator of signal path interfering energy ROHDE&SCHWARZ 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 5 interfering energy

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interference propagatior source medium

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Electromagnetic Compatibility

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Technical sources of RF disturbances natural sources atmospheric noise galactic noise electrostatic discharge intentional generation radio communication data transmission radio monitoring technical sources medical (diathermy, radiology) household (|jwave oven, inductive heating plate) power electronics energy distribution commutating motors

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CISPR standards (excerpt from more than 30) Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment (excluding surgical diathermy equipment) Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of vehicles, motor boats and spark-ignited engine-driven Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of sound and television receivers Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of household electrical appliances, portable tools and similar electrical...

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Introduction of CISPR 20 (immunity of radio/TV) Electromagnetic interference of radio and TV-sets by other radiocommunication services

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Military examples - Crashes of the "Blackhawk" helicopter caused by susceptibility of onboard electronics to electro magnetic fields. "Radio Free Europe". of the German Armed Forces (WTD 81): Reaction on the crash of the TORNADO at Holzkirchen. Project costs: Approx. 25 M€

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consultant, test houses

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EMC processes: Types of testing

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(near field) (near field) ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 14

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Traditional non-military EMC model for testing ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 15

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disturbance instrument

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ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) testing (emission) test method EMI measurement (commercial stds.) EMI fieldstrength (magn. comp.) EMI fieldstrength (magn. comp.) EMI fieldstrength (electr. comp.) EMI fieldstrength (electr. comp.) EMI fieldstrength (electr. comp.) EMI measurements (military stds.) conducted emission (voltage) conducted emission (current) radiated emission

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Test Receiver frequency responses test receiver ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 18

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Error correction during measurements by interpolation frequency response linear (polygonous) interpolation |<al i bri erdaten ULTRALOG HL562 Calibration report ULTRALOG HL562 Ideal correction curve^" 1 Gain VSWR frequency response inverse correction curve discrete points ^^interpolation

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Correction factors (4) Error correction during measurements by interpolation A linear interpolation spline interpolation frequency response to be corrected f fL(x) = fR(x) fL ‘(x) = fR ‘(x) fL ‘‘(x) = fR‘‘(x) hyperbolic curves (splines) 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 21

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Test Receiver Front Panel ROHDE&SCHWARZ 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 22

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Test Receiver Display =KTR*Vin test receiver Test Receiver ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 23

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EMI Voltage testing overview Devices under test: all non-military equipment - measurement of conducted EMI as a voltage using a standardized load impedance - frequency range: (9kHz to)150 kHz to 30 MHz (CISPR band A + B) - main equipment: test receiver, AN, ground plane, (artificial hand) - important for the receiver: pulse protection - important for the operator: electrical safety problem

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EMI Voltage test: Basic test settings i M ROHDE&SCHWARZ 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 25

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EMI voltage test: Basic test setup >200 cm reference ground EUT AN > 200 test receiver 40 cm 30 to 40 cm 80 cm >80 cm 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 26 wooden table

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EMI voltage test: Artificial hand (CISPR 14) reference ground plane connection with metal housing parts foil around grip worst case test with and without art. hand ! ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 27

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EMI voltage test: Power mains impedances M ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 28

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EMI voltage test: AN functional principle Names: Artificial Mains Network AMN Artificial Network AN Line Impedance Stabilisation Network LISN filter power supply highpass impedance stabilisation 230 V/50 Hz 110 V/60 Hz DUT 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 29 test receiver

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EMI voltage test: V-type LISNs 50Q / 50JIH + 5Q V-Type LISN from 9 kHz to 150 kHz 50Q / S0[xH V-Type LISN from 150 kHz to 30 MHz ROHDE&SCHWARZ OS/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 30

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EMI voltage test: Typical circuit of LISN Artificial Mains Network mains 250 uH 50 uH highpass Test Receiver 8 uF 2 uF 5 1k DUT u_nnb_rs 03/2011 | R&S Precompliance Solutions | 31 50

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