Base Station Solutions Introduction The evolution of mobile phones as Smart Wireless Devices and the explosion of devices such as tablets have created a capacity challenge for the mobile networks, starting from the Base Station to the Mobile Backhaul. New initiatives such as Small Cells reduce the pressure of capacity crunch and coverage limitations, but the importance of Macro Base Stations remains high. With the transition to the packet based backhaul mechanisms, the synchronisation implementations of the Macro Base Stations have become extremely challenging. Rakon offers a unique range of OCXOs ideal for Base Station application requirements. Synchronisation Requirements Synchronisation Challenges The challenges in Macro Base Station Synchronisation are many. GPS or other GNSS methods are currently the primary source of network timing, but there is increasing risk of loss of synchronisation because of signal loss (urban canyons or weather conditions for example) or jamming in various situations. Secondly, circuit switch networks are transitioning to packet switched networks allowing the Base Stations to use Synchronous Ethernet and packet based synchronisation techniques. Unlike traditional synchronisation techniques, packet based solutions transfer frequency and time, complementing the GNSS based synchronisation solutions. Radio Technology Base Station Type Frequency Accuracy Macro Pico / Femto Wide Area Local Area Home Wide Area Local Area Home Phase Error In most base station synchronisation implementations, GNSS is used the primary reference source. When GNSS signals fail, the system may switch to packet based network synchronisation, which in turn may be supported by SyncE or traditional synchronisation. When all synchronisation sources fail, systems fall back to local clock source to provide holdover. Depending on the system requirements, required stability on the clock source is desired to achieve target holdover specifications. Rakon OCXO Key Specifications Frequency Range Stability (FvsT) Temperature Range Holdover Stability Ageing Stability Supported Stability Level OCXO Family New Zealand (HQ) Auckland | China Beijing, Shanghai & Shenzhen | France Argenteuil, Mougins & Pont Sainte Marie | Germany Bad Rappenau | Singapore Singapore City | South Korea Seongnam City | Taiwan Taipei City | United Kingdom Harlow | United States Chicago & Silicon Valley

Base Station Solutions Rakon Oscillators for Base Station Timing Applications Two main aspects of the oscillators are considered for Base Station synchronisation designs. The holdover requirement is one of the primary objectives. Holdover time for Base Stations is required by the Service Operator so that the system remains operational for a specified time limit after the network synchronisation sources fail. Depending on the air interface requirements, constraints may be placed on frequency only or frequency and phase to achieve certain holdover time periods. requirements, along with other considerations...