SPRAY NOZZLES FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SPRAY ENGINEERING BOOK

GENERAL INFORMATION International system of units Prefix tables for SI units Conversion table : American units to SI units Conversion tables : temperature scales Metric and decimal equivalents of fractions of an inch Besides its main range of nozzles for industrial applications, PNR manufactures a wide range of complementary products and systems to optimize the use of spray jets and fluids control in most of the modern industrial processes LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray Spray nozzle types Spray nozzle coding Computerized fluid dynamics Spray generation Droplet spectrum Nozzle flow...

GENERAL INFORMATION International system of units Prefix tables for SI units Conversion table : American units to SI units Conversion tables : temperature scales Metric and decimal equivalents of fractions of an inch GENERAL INTRODUCTION INFORMATION GENERAL INFORMATION Foreword Along many years PNR engineers have been involved with Customers to find out the appropriate solution to specific application problems in numberless different industries. This continuous cooperation has allowed us to gather a large quantity of information regarding practical spray nozzles applications, which we make available...

GENERAL INFORMATION International system of units GENERAL INFORMATION Description The INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS sometimes called SI, has been defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and is based upon metric units. The following notes include most units which are likely to be used in handing of fluids. The system consists of nine base units, and supplementary units which are coherently derived from them. The coherence consists in the fact that the product, or the quotient of any two unit quantities in the system result in another unit quantity. Because of the world wide trend...

GENERAL INFORMATION Prefix tables for SI units Prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo etto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto Million Thousand Hundred Ten Tenth Hundredth Thousandth Millionth GENERAL INFORMATION SI units can be indicated together with a prefix to easily indicate very large or very small numbers. As an example visible light has a wave length of approximately 0.0000005 m (meters) which can be more easily written as 500 nm (nanometers). Please note it is not allowed to use prefixes together, you cannot write 10.000 m = 1da-km Note Because of discrepancies...

GENERAL INFORMATION Conversion table: temperature scales There are 4 principal types of temperature scales used for indicate the temperature: CENTIGRADE CELSIUS, FAHRENHEIT, KELVIN, and RANKINE; Kelvin and Celsius scales are used in Europe, Rankine, Fahrenheit are used in Anglo-Saxons countries. GENERAL INFORMATION MP = water melting point BP = water boiling point 0 and 100 are arbitrarily placed at the freezing point and boiling point of water. 0°F is the stabilized temperature when equal amounts of ice, water, and salt are mixed. 96°F is the temperature “when the thermometer is held in the...

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray Spray nozzle types Spray nozzle coding Computerized fluid dynamics Spray generation Droplet spectrum Nozzle flow rate Spray angle Spray distribution Influence of liquid viscosity Influence of liquid specific gravity Jet impact Pressure drop through a nozzle A nozzle is a device which converts the energy from a fluid into velocity of the spray droplets. Applications in many industrial processes are numberless, with spray nozzles being very often a critical component in determining the final...

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray LIQUID SPRAY AS A PROCESS The process of spraying a liquid can be described as composed of two phases, namely: 1. Breaking up the liquid into separated drops. 2. Directing the liquid drops onto a surface or an object, to achieve the desired result. The above two phases are normally performed, by the types of nozzles being used in industrial processes, at the same time by means of different techniques which shall be illustrated in the following. The continuous progress in the manufacturing techniques in recent years has requested the nozzle manufacturer...

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray TECHNIQUES FOR SPRAY PRODUCTION Many different techniques can be used to produce a spray, and most of them are used today for nozzles to be applied in industrial processes. Based on the different techniques, the following nozzle types can be used in industrial applications to generate a liquid spray. This is the simplest type of nozzles, where an orifice is opened into a chamber where the liquid to be sprayed is fed under pressure. A spray is produced through the orifice with spray pattern, flow rate and spray angle depending upon the orifice edge profile...

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzle types FULL CONE PATTERN In a full cone spray the droplets are distributed into a volume which is limited by a cone, having its origin point at the nozzle orifice. Such spray pattern is commonly used in a large variety of industrial processes, since it is the one which allows to distribute in an even way the water flow onto a surface: the full cone spray pattern is therefore useful, as a typical example, to evenly spray cooling liquid on a still surface. Another typical use is to distribute liquid droplets within a certain volume, like for example evenly...

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzle types FLAT JET SPRAY PATTERN In a flat jet spray the liquid droplets are sprayed in the shape of a flat liquid layer, with different thickness according to the principle used to generate the spray. A flat jet spray nozzle serves the purpose of spraying onto a surface or an object moving in a transverse direction with respect to the one of the jet surface, a typical example being the nozzles in a car washing tunnel. The vast majority of flat spray nozzles used in the industry work according to one of the following principles. In line flat jet (pressure...