TP02 NON-STEADY-STATE PROBE FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT TP02 is a probe that offers the possibility to perform a practical and fast measurement of the thermal conductivity (or thermal resistivity) of the medium in which it is inserted at the highest accuracy level. It works in compliance with the ASTM D 5334-00, D 5930-97 and IEEE 442-1981 standards. The standard TP02 probe has proven suitability in soils, thermal backfill materials, sediments, foodstuff, powders, sludges, paints, glues and various other materials. The Non-Steady-State Probe (NSSP) measurement method (also known as transient line source, thermal needle, hot needle, heat pulse- and hot wire technique) has the fundamental advantages that it is fast and absolute while the sample size is not critical. Hukseflux is specialised in NSSP design. Special models have been developed for in-situ field experiments. For permanent installation in soils, a dedicated model, TP01, is available. TP02 has been designed and tested in collaboration with the Applied Physics Group of Wageningen University. Figure 1 TP02 Non-Steady-State Probe consists of a needle with 2 thermocouple junctions; the hot joint (3), and the cold joint (4) (the cold joint at the tip remains at a stable temperature) and a heating wire, (2). The needle is inserted into the medium that is investigated. In the base, (6), a reference temperature sensor (pt1000), (1), is mounted. Advantages of this design: an optimal accuracy independent of the medium temperature and a minimal sensitivity to thermal gradients. Needle length 150 mm. All dimensions are in mm. INTRODUCTION The standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) describe proven methods for determining the thermal conductivity of materials. ASTM D 5334-00 and D 5930-97 and IEEE Std 442-1981 " Standard Test Methods" specify the use of Non-Steady-State Probes (NSSP) in various applications. In general a NSSP consists of a heating wire, representing a perfect line source, and a temperature sensor capable of measuring the temperature at this source. The probe is inserted in the medium that is investigated. The NSSP principle relies on a unique property of a line source: after a short transient period the temperature rise, ∆T, only depends on heater power, Q, and medium thermal conductivity, λ: ∆T = (Q / 4 π λ) (ln t + B) With ∆T in K, Q in W/m, λ in W/mK, t the time in seconds and B a constant. By measuring the heater power, and tracing the temperature in time (for TP02 typically heating for 100s), λ can be calculated. The sample size is not critical. The measurements of Q, t and ∆T are all direct measurements of power, time, and temperature respectively. These are done without need of reference materials. The measurement with TP02 is absolute. TP02 can be obtained as a separate probe for incorporation in the user's measurement and control system. It is suitable for operation with the Campbell Scientific CR10X and CR1000. TP02 DESIGN The Hukseflux TP02 is designed to be able to cover a wide range of applications. Design considerations are as follows: Optimal Accuracy: TP02 incorporates 2 thermocouple junctions in the needle producing a voltage output, U, that is proportional to ∆T. The one in the tip is not heated. The main signal is the differential signal between this hot joint at 1/3 of the length and the cold joint at the tip. In this configuration the voltage before starting the measurement is always small, independent of the medium temperature. In designs with only one sensor in the needle, the signal U will appear on top off a larger signal. The two junction design has a superior accuracy when measuring at high and low temperatures. V ers io n 1002 (page 1 of 2 ) Huks ef lux re serv es the r ig ht to alter s pec if ic atio ns w ithout pr ior no tic e HUKSEFLUX™ THERMAL SENSORS. WWW.HUKSEFLUX.COM . [email protected]

TP02 DESIGN (CONTINUED) In addition, by having both the cold- and the hot junction in the needle, the sensitivity to temperature changes of the medium is minimised. Temperature sensor in the base: The reference temperature sensor in the base (Pt1000) serves as a “cold junction” measurement for establishing the absolute medium temperature T. This is required by ASTM. Temperature and moisture resistance: All the materials in TP02 are highly temperature resistant. It has a full stainless steel needle and base. TP02 is completely sealed. It has a welded tip. This no-compromise sealing guarantees...