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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19

Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19

Product catalog summary

Introduction
Lead and copper in drinking water are significant health concerns. Lead can cause severe health issues, especially in children, even at low levels, while copper is beneficial in small amounts but harmful in excess. These metals typically enter drinking water through the corrosion of pipes and fixtures.

Effects and Sources of Lead and Copper
Lead exposure can lead to mental and physical health problems, with no safe threshold identified. Copper is necessary for some bodily functions but can cause health issues at high concentrations.

Lead and Copper Regulations
The USEPA has set regulations to minimize lead and copper in drinking water, aiming for 0 µg/L lead and less than 1.3 mg/L copper. Action levels are set at 15 µg/L for lead and 1.3 mg/L for copper, with treatment techniques required if these levels are exceeded.

Test Methods for Determining Metals in Water
Common methods include colorimetry, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy. Colorimetry is cost-effective for small-scale testing, while AAS and ICP are more suitable for large-scale laboratory testing.

Comparison of Atomic Absorption and Colorimetric Methods
AAS is ideal for large laboratories, while the Hach LeadTrak colorimetric method is suitable for smaller-scale or on-site testing, offering immediate results and cost savings.

Applications and Benefits of Simplified On-site Testing
On-site testing allows for immediate identification of lead sources, prioritization of samples for laboratory confirmation, and educational opportunities. It is particularly useful for small to medium-sized water systems.

Comparability of Results Between Methods
Methods are compared through accuracy demonstrations, such as spiking samples. The USEPA protocol for method approval involves rigorous statistical analysis to ensure comparability between methods.

Specifications and Procedures
The document outlines necessary values for each testing method, including detection limits, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and the effects of interferences. It emphasizes the need for comparability studies to ensure consistent results across different methods.

CuVer Method for Copper
A comparability study using Hach’s CuVer Copper Reagent 1 method versus Atomic Absorption (AA) found no significant difference, leading to EPA approval of CuVer as an alternate test procedure.

LeadTrak Method for Lead
The LeadTrak method is evaluated as a low-cost, on-site analytical method for lead in drinking water, showing comparable accuracy to the GFAAS method at a 95-99% confidence level.

Comparability Studies
Several studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of LeadTrak, with a detection limit of 2-4 ppb, effective for screening samples and guiding further testing.

Conclusion
The LeadTrak method is a reliable and cost-effective option for screening lead levels in water, offering comparable accuracy to traditional methods. The CuVer method for copper also provides similar advantages, making both methods valuable for developing new corrosion treatment strategies.

Lead Detection Methods
Hach LeadTrak Method: Noted for its accuracy without the need for cyanide complexing agents or organic solvents, involving a series of steps for colorimetric analysis.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAAS) Method: Used as a comparison to the LeadTrak method, with results showing strong agreement between them.

Data Analysis
Includes a detailed table comparing results from both methods across multiple samples, with a high correlation coefficient indicating strong agreement.

Copper Detection Methods
Bicinchoninate Method: Involves the reaction of copper with bicinchoninic acid to form a purple complex, distinguishing between Cu1+ and Cu2+ ions.

Ordering Information
Provides detailed ordering information for the reagents and apparatus required for both the LeadTrak and Bicinchoninate methods.

Catalog excerpts

Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-1

שHach Company, 1994. All rights are reserved. Lit. No. 7038F42Printed in U.S.A. >

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-2

lead levels can varygreatly from tap to tap in the same structure. Thepresence of copper at the tap results mainly from low-pH water dissolving copper from the copper piping used in plumbing systems. > Current USEPA regulations for lead and copper are long, complex and comprehensive. Maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG) and action levels, as well as treatment techniques and monitoring requirements, are mandated. The usual requirements for public notice, record keeping and reporting, variances, exemptions, and compliance schedules (based on system size) are in effect. In addition, analytical...

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-3

CharacteristicGFAASLeadTrak 1. Can be doneon sitenoyes in laboratoryyesyes2. Approved by USEPAyes pending (note 1)for reporting(furnace)3. Skill level neededhighlow/med 4. Time requiredto set up30 minutes3 minutes per test5 minutes10minutes5. Costto set up$10-100,000$300-1600 per test$20-35$4-56. Detection limit1 g/L2 յg/L 7. Range1-100 g/L2-150 յg/L8. Calibrationweekly/direct reading/daily check weekly check 9.Interferencesmolecular absorbanceSee listas well as chemical andin methodmatrix effectsӔ (note 2) Notes: (1) Submitted data to USEPA for approval in January, 1990. As of February 1, 1994...

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-4

1. the water in the system being tested is assumed to haveconsistent characteristics; and 2. once a comparability study has been done and consistentresults are obtained, the compared method may be used by anyone. 10 different water source samples 3-4 sub-samples from each, and 3 analyses using each of the 2 methodsThis is a total of 180-240 tests plus a number of qualitycontrol (QC) checks. Screening tests are also required to determine if the samples contain a detectable level of analyte. If not, they must be spiked. The data manipulation for proving the two sets of resultsare equivalent is...

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-6

precision and accuracy on a range of standards determination of operator-related bias comparison of results to GFAAS results on standards effects of interferences recovery of spikes in various drinking waters sample preservation and QC considerations > While the authors purpose was not to approve the test kit,the results are encouraging for using the kit as a practical field analysis method. They found the detection limit of the test kit to be 4 ҵg/L. Above that level they determined that the accuracy of the GFAAS and test kit procedures in spiked deionized water [standards] were comparableӔ....

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-7

p. 353-363.11. Hach Co. unpublished data. (1990) 12. P. Wiese, ԓMonitoring Method for Lead in First-DrawDrinking Water Samples, presented at the 1989 AWWA Annual Conference (June 19-23, 1989).13. D. A. Lytle et al, ԓInvestigating the PreferentialDissolution of Lead from Solder Particulates, Schock and George also found the method does require neutralization of nitric acid added for preservation (per instructions). They determined the best approach for split sample comparison was to split the sample and them use the appropriate preservative for each halfԗpPb-1 for LeadTrak samples and nitric acid...

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-9

- x 24.4397 - y 24.5603 Slope 1.0464r = .9926 Outlier(Suspected error) = Best Fit of Data = Perfect Fit r value = Scatter of Points (1.000 = no scatter) > Hach LeadTrakg/L Pb Intercept = 1.014 >

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Simplified Testing for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water, Booklet No. 19-12

Required Reagents Required Reagents (Using Powder Pillows) > LeadTrak, reagent set, 20 tests/pkgŅŅ1ŅŅ23750-00 Qty/DescriptionTestUnitCat.No. CuVer 1 Copper Reagent Powder PillowsŅŅŅŅ1 Ņ50/pkg14188-66 Qty/DescriptionTestUnitCat.No. Required Apparatus > Cylinder, graduated, polypropylene, 100 mLŅŅŅŅŅŅ1ŅeachŅ1081-42Cylinder, graduated, polypropylene, 25 mLŅŅŅŅŅŅ1ŅeachŅŅ1081-40Beaker, polypropylene, 250 mLŅ1ŅeachŅ1080-46Beaker, polypropylene, 150 mLŅ1ŅeachŅŅ1080-44Support, ring standŅŅŅ1ŅeachŅŅ563-00 Clamp, two-prong extensionŅ1ŅeachŅ21145-00 Clamp, holderŅŅŅŅŅ1ŅeachŅ326-00 Clippers, smallŅŅŅŅŅ1ŅeachŅ936-00...

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