Digital Energy Effective Inertia High non-synchronous renewable penetration Avoid major blackouts and financial (reputational) penalties due to ineffective management of system frequency EFFECTIVE INERTIA Meter and Forecast to Master High Renewable Integration OVERVIEW Effective Inertia: The Frequency Alert Indicator KEY OUTCOMES • Increase network resilience. • Prevent potential blackout. • Reduce curtailment fees and penalties. • Lower frequency response services. The operation of the grid is continuing to grow in complexity, due to the growing volume of variable renewable generation. This has led to a massive displacement of system Inertia, with networks now requiring enhanced system visibility and understanding to deliver fast-acting response services. Analytics services now facilitates the measurement and forecasting of Effective System Inertia. Effective inertia measures the combined inertia-like effects of rotating machines, passive load responses, and active generator controls. GE Effective Inertia metering is nonintrusive, with no injection of forced stimulation into the network. WAMS data and analytics measures effective inertia in each regional area of the power system in real time, and can combine them to a global value. • Increase renewables penetration. Metering real-time effective inertia provides confidence to operators about the margin and the risk on the current position, to make a decision on the appropriate frequency response service. Furthermore, the Effective Inertia Forecast allows forward planning to reduce the cost of services. GE inertia metering and forecast is agnostic of EMS and PMUs; however, integration within the GE Advanced EMS Network, Generation and WAMS advanced applications maximize overall solution value. KE Y FEATURE S • Nonintrusive metering. • o engineering project to install expensive N hardware required for signal injection. • Regional and global inertia metering. • Real-time metering. • EMS and PMU PDC agnostic. • Forecast from analytics. Strathaven Deeside Langage Keadby London Spalding Norh • When inertia reduces, then load shed limits may be reached for governor response, resulting in a blackout. • Frequency change takes time to propagate > Angles diverge > Stability risk. • Frequency and RoCoF (Rate of Change of Frequency) varies substantially between locations in the first seconds. Customer profiles • Transmission System Operations (TSO) • Regional Transmission Organization (RTO, ISO) ge.com/power/digitalenergy • Integrated utilities (generati

Digital Energy Effective Inertia High non-synchronous renewables penetration Avoid major blackouts from frequency drops - Lower frequency service costs Effective Inertia Metering Effective Inertia Forecast • The principle is built upon a proven PMU-based method for continuous metering at a regional level. • Applying machine learning relates inertia to known and predictable values: conventional rotating inertia, load, solar power, wind power. • The frequency is measured at selected points within the area, preferably close to main sources of real inertia. • Accurate inertia forecasting give the...