Introduction
Piezoelectric actuation mechanisms utilize piezo-actuators, which require an understanding of both mechanical and electrical performance. These actuators are compared to conventional electromagnetic actuators and other induced strain actuator materials.

Applications for Piezo-Actuators
Piezo-actuators are widely used in applications requiring precision motion and high-frequency operation. They offer smooth, continuous motion with nanometer-level resolution, making them ideal for precision positioning, scanning systems, fluid valve control, optical scanning, vibration isolation, and precision machining.

Using the Piezoelectric Effect
Piezo-actuators use electro-expansive ceramic materials like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) to generate motion and force. The piezoelectric effect causes these materials to expand or contract when an electric field is applied, with changes in length proportional to the field strength. PZT stacks, consisting of laminated layers of PZT ceramic, are commonly used to achieve this effect.

Amplification Mechanisms
DSM has developed actuators that use mechanical amplification to enhance the small expansions of PZT materials. These mechanisms leverage the high force and small stroke of PZT materials to achieve greater stroke levels. Various amplification concepts are used, including lever-arm mechanisms and uni-morph patch amplification.

Producing Force
PZT stacks generate force by expanding in response to an electric field. The force applied by the stacks is influenced by the stiffness of the external load, with typical blocked pressure levels ranging from 5 to 7 ksi.

Strengths of Piezo-Actuators
Piezo-actuators are particularly effective in precision positioning applications due to their ability to provide smooth, continuous motion over small ranges. They offer solid-state construction, high frequency response, high force per unit area, low power position hold capability, and minimal heat generation. These actuators are scalable and reliable, with little to no outgassing or particle generation.

Summary
DSM's piezo-actuators utilize the piezoelectric effect to deliver a range of actuator solutions. With proper design, they offer valuable performance attributes for precision positioning, vibration control, and scanning applications, enabling smooth, precise motion from sub-nanometer to multiple-millimeter levels.