Worldwide Emissions Standards Worldwide Emissions Standards Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles

NON ROAD MOBILE MACHINERY 65-93 European Union Vehicle Categories, Euro I / Euro II 9 California (CARB) Other Areas of the World 42-43 European On-board Diagnostics 45-46 California (CARB) On-board Diagnostics 48-54 Fuel Consumption - C02 Emissions 56-57 EU Reference Test Fuels 58-60 US Reference Test Fuels 61-63 Japan Reference Test Fuels 63 European Union Agricultural and Forestry Tractors 67-68 Recreational Vehicle Engines 82 California (CARB) Large Off-Road SJ. Engines 85 Off-Highway Recreational Equipment 86 Other Areas of the World 90 Test Cycles Ramped Modal Testing 93

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ECE ECE regulations are similar to EU directives. A base regulation is updated in a consecutive series of amendments. Dates of implementation differ from country, depending on the approval status of the respective amendment in that country. ECE - R49/00-02 (applied to C.I. engines only) TEST UNIT CO TA COP R49 14 - g/kWh R49-1 11.2 12.3 R49-2: 2 stages Stage I g/kWh 4.5 4.9 Stage II 4.0 4.0 1) Stage I: applicable from 01Jul92 Stage II COP limits apply from 01Oct96 ECE - R49/03 content equivalent to 88/77/EEC, amended by 99/96/EC, (Euro III and IV standards) = approval of C.I. and NG and of P.I....

ECE ECE - R24/03 This regulation applies to the emission of visible exhaust pollutants from C.I. engines fitted to road vehicles. 2 tests are required: 1 - Speed Stabilized under full load 6 measurements shall be made at engine speeds spaced out uniformly between that corresponding to maximum power and the higher of the following two engine speeds: 45% of the engine speed corresponding to maximum power; and 1000 rpm. For each measuring point, the smoke measured should not exceed the limit values (SL) specified in the directive, which are a function of the air flow rate. The value selected will...

2 representative test cycles have been created covering typical driving conditions in the European Union, USA, Japan and Australia: - WHTC: Transient Test Cycle - WHSC: Steady State Test Cycle The GTR does not contain emission limit values. Exhaust Emissions to be measured: CO, HC, NMHC, NOx, PM, CO2, expressed in g/kWh. If GTR applied in a national legislation, the limit values should represent at least the same level of severity as its existing regulations. HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards M_norm_WHTC, final n_norm_WHTC, final normalized speed Application: C.I. engines and P.I. engines fuelled...

ECE WHSC - World Heavy Duty Steady State Cycle It consists of a number of speed and power modes which cover the typical operating range of HD engines. Idle mode is separated in 2 modes: mode 1 at the beginning of test cycle mode 13 at the end of test cycle HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards Mode Length [s] incl. 20 s Ramp Normalized Torque [%] Normalized Speed [%]

ECE General Test Sequence Engine preparation, pre-test measurements, performance checks and calibration Generate engine map (max torque curve) – Generate reference test cycle Run 1 or more practice cycles as necessary to check engine/test cell/emissions systems WHTC Natural or forced engine cool-down Ready all systems for sampling and data collection Preconditioning of engine and particulate system including dilution tunnel Cold start exhaust emissions test 10 +/- 1 min hot soak period (Amendment 2) Set PM systems in by-pass mode and change dummy PM filter to weighted sampling filter. Ready all...

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EUROPEAN UNION VEHICLE CATEGORIES Dir 70/156/EEC as amended by Dir 2001/116/EEC Category Description Sub- Number Mass Limit category of Persons Up to M1 GVW ≤ 3,500 kg 1) 9 Persons Transportation M of Passengers M2 GVW ≤ 5,000 kg Over 9 Persons Min. 4 wheels M3 GVW > 5,000 kg N1 Cl 1 Max GVW N1 Cl 2 Transportation ≤ 3,500 kg N of Goods N.A. N1 Cl 3 Min. 4 wheels HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards Until Euro IV: 2 subgroups: M1 with GVW ≤ 2,500 kg and M1 with 2,500 kg < GVW ≤ 3,500 kg 1) Euro I - Dir 88/77/EEC amended by Dir 91/542/EEC Exhaust emissions of C.I. engines for vehicles > 25km/h Test...

EUROPEAN UNION Euro III - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC and Dir 2001/27/EC Limit values - Euro III - Diesel engines are tested on ESC and ELR cycles (see pages 18-19). NOx can be tested on ETC cycle (6.5 g/kWh) if required by TA authority - Diesel engines fitted with aftertreatment devices (PM filters, De-NOx) are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles. - Gas engines are tested only on ETC cycle EEV = “Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle” = Type of vehicle propelled by an engine complying with the permissive emission target values shown in the EEV columns CO HC NMHC g/kWh CH4 2)...

EUROPEAN UNION Euro IV - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC, Dir 2005/55/EC Dir 2005/78/EC and Dir 2006/51/EC - Diesel engines are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles if required - Gas engine are tested on ETC cycle Emissions TA: Oct05 Unit - FR: Oct06 CO HC NMHC g/kWh CH4 1) NOx PM Smoke m-1 1) 2) ESC/ELR ETC ESC/ELR ETC Diesel only Diesel & Gas Diesel only Diesel & Gas 1.5 0.46 - - 3.5 0.02 0.5 NOx screening - “Cycle beating” • Cycle beating appeared from Euro III due to the use of smart electronics: Injection timing advance during transient operation (fuel consumption reduction) Retarded...