Worldwide Emissions Standards Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles

NON-ROAD MOBILE MACHINERY 64-99 HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS Economic Commission for Europe European Union Vehicle Categories / Euro I / Euro II 5 California (CARB) South Korea / PR of China / Beijing Area 39 Other Areas of the World 40 HD - EMISSIONS RELATED REQUIREMENTS European On-board Diagnostics 42^3 Fuel Consumption - C02 Emissions 53-56 EU Reference Test Fuels 58-59 US Reference Test Fuels 60-62 Japan Reference Test Fuels 62 NRMM - EMISSIONS STANDARDS European Union Agricultural and Forestry Tractors 65-67 California (CARB) Large Off-Road S.I. Engines 88-90 South Korea/PR of China...

HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS 2 representative test cycles have been created covering typical driving conditions in the European Union, USA, Japan and Australia: - WHTC: Transient Test Cycle - WHSC: Steady-State Test Cycle The GTR does not contain emission limit values. Exhaust Emissions to be measured: CO, HC, NMHC, NOx, PM, CO2, expressed in g/kWh. If GTR applied in a national legislation, the limit values should represent at least the same level of severity as its existing regulations. M_norm_WHTC, final n_norm_WHTC, final normalized speed TEST CYCLES WWHD - Worldwide Harmonised Heavy Duty...

ECE WHSC - World Heavy Duty Steady-State Cycle It consists of a number of speed and power modes which cover the typical operating range of HD engines. Idle mode is separated in 2 modes: mode 1 at the beginning of test cycle mode 13 at the end of test cycle Normalized Speed [%] Normalized Torque [%] Mode Length [s] incl. 20 s Ramp 210 Engine Speed, % HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS

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EUROPEAN UNION VEHICLE CATEGORIES Category Description EURO I - Dir 88/77/EEC amended by Dir 91/542/EEC Exhaust emissions of C.I. engines for vehicles > 25 km/h Mass Limit Up to M1 GVW ≤ 3.500 kg 1) 9 Persons Transportation M of Passengers M2 GVW ≤ 5.000 kg Over 9 Persons Min. 4 wheels M3 GVW > 5.000 kg N1 Cl 1 Max GVW N1 Cl 2 Transportation ≤ 3.500 kg N of Goods N1 Cl 3 N.A. N2 Min. 4 wheels N3 Until Euro IV: 2 subgroups: M1 with GVW ≤ 2.500 kg and M1 with 2.500 kg < GVW ≤ 3.500 kg HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS EURO II - Dir 88/77/EEC as amended by Dir 91/542/EEC and Dir 96/1/EEC Test Emissions...

HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION EURO III - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC and Dir 2001/27/EC - Diesel engines are tested on ESC and ELR cycles (see pages 16-17). NOx can be tested on ETC cycle (6,5 g/kWh) if required by TA authority - Diesel engines fitted with aftertreatment devices (PM filters, De-NOx) are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles. - Gas engines are tested only on ETC cycle EEV = “Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle” = Type of vehicle propelled by an engine complying with the permissive emission target values shown in the EEV columns Limit Values -...

EUROPEAN UNION EURO IV - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC, Dir 2005/55/EC Dir 2005/78/EC and Dir 2006/51/EC - Diesel engines are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles if required (see pages 14-15) - Gas engine are tested on ETC cycle Emissions TA: Oct05 Unit - FR: Oct06 EURO V - Dir 2005/55/EC + Dir 2005/78/EC amended by Dir 2006/51/EC + Dir 2008/74/EC For TA and for EEV’s, ETC and ESC/ELR tests are applicable (see pages 14-15) Emissions Euro V Euro V - EEV TA: 01Oct08 Unit ESC/ELR ETC ESC/ELR ETC - Diesel Only Diesel & gas Diesel Only Diesel & gas FR: 01Oct09 ESC/ELR ETC ESC/ELR ETC Diesel...

HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION Dir 2008/74/EC reflects the change of vehicle scope due to the Euro 5 & 6 regulations for passenger cars and light duty trucks. It includes test procedures for HD and vehicles with gasoline engines. N1 Class I category vehicles (reference weight ≤ 1.305 kg) are removed from the scope of the directive. Application date FR 01Sep11. N1 Class II category vehicles (reference weight > 1.305 kg and ≤ 2.610 kg) are removed from the scope of the directive. Application date FR 01Sep12.

EUROPEAN UNION DURABILITY OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS Vehicles and engines have to confirm the correct operation of the emission control devices during the normal life of the vehicle or engine - from 01Oct05 for new type approvals - from 01Oct06 for all type approvals Vehicle Category N1 - M2 N2, N3 ≤ 16 tons - M3 ≤ 7,5 tons N3 > 16 tons - M3 > 7,5 tons Deterioration Factors Manufacturers can choose to apply DF’s foreseen into the directive or the DF’s developed over a specific service accumulation schedule 1) DF’s based on service accumulation schedule DF’s are developed from the selected engines...

HD - EXHAUST EMISSIONS STANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION EURO VI (Reg EC No: 595/2009 and implementing regulations (EU) No 582/2011 and 64/2012) Scope: M1, M2, N1, N2 with RM > 2.610 kg Application dates: TA 31DEC12 - FR 31DEC13 CO THC NMHC CH4 NOx 1) NH3 PM PM 2) Mass Number mg/kWh ppm mg/kWh #/kWh WHSC (C.I.) WHTC (C.I.) WHTC (P .I.) Regulation covers: - Only world harmonized driving cycles (WHTC, WHSC) are applicable as defined in ECE Regulation Annex 4B. - Reference fuel specifications for Diesel (B7); Ethanol (ED95) (see pages 58) - Access to vehicle OBD and vehicle repair and maintenance information....

EUROPEAN UNION CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION; DURABILITY OF POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES; IN-SERVICE CONFORMITY Reference Time Periods and Mileages Vehicle Category N2, N3 with a max. technically permissible mass not exceeding 16 tonnes; M3 Class I, Class II, Class A, Class B with a max. technically permissible mass not exceeding 7,5 tonnes N3 with a max. technically permissible mass exceeding 16 tonnes; M3 Class III, Class B with a max. technically permissible mass exceeding 7,5 tonnes Determination of Deterioration Factors (DFs) Minimum service accumulation distances must be applied to determine the...