Worldwide Emissions Standards Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles

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NON ROAD MOBILE MACHINERY 65-99 Economic Commission for Europe 3 European Union Vehicle Categories, Euro I / Euro II 7 California (CARB) Other Areas of the World 42-43 European On-board Diagnostics 45-46 Fuel Consumption - C02 Emissions 56-57 EU Reference Test Fuels 58-60 US Reference Test Fuels 61-63 Japan Reference Test Fuels 63 European Union Agricultural and Forestry Tractors 67-68 Recreational Engines and Vehicles 82-83 California (CARB) Large Off-Road SJ. Engines 88-89 Off-Highway Recreational Equipment 89 Other Areas of the World 94-95 Test Cycles Ramped Modal Testing 98

ECE ECE regulations are similar to EU directives. A base regulation is updated in a ECE - R49/05 – Amendment 1 consecutive series of amendments. Dates of implementation differ from country, Provisions concerning PN measurement test procedure end measurement depending on the approval status of the respective amendment in that country. equipment. PN emissions shall be measured by continuous samples. For each individual ECE - R49/00-02 (applied to C.I. engines only) WHSC, hot WHTC and cold WHTC the specific emissions in number of particles Content equivalent to 88/77EEC and 91/542 EEC / kWh are...

2 representative test cycles have been created covering typical driving conditions in the European Union, USA, Japan and Australia: - WHTC: Transient Test Cycle - WHSC: Steady State Test Cycle The GTR does not contain emission limit values. Exhaust Emissions to be measured: CO, HC, NMHC, NOx, PM, CO2, expressed in g/kWh. If GTR applied in a national legislation, the limit values should represent at least the same level of severity as its existing regulations. HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards M_norm_WHTC, final n_norm_WHTC, final normalized speed Application: C.I. engines and P.I. engines fuelled...

ECE WHSC - World Heavy Duty Steady State Cycle It consists of a number of speed and power modes which cover the typical operating range of HD engines. Idle mode is separated in 2 modes: mode 1 at the beginning of test cycle mode 13 at the end of test cycle Normalized Speed [%] Normalized Torque [%] Mode Length [s] incl. 20 s Ramp 210 Engine Speed, % HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards

ECE General Test Sequence Engine preparation, pre-test measurements, performance checks and calibration Generate engine map (max torque curve) – Generate reference test cycle Run 1 or more practice cycles as necessary to check engine/test cell/emissions systems WHTC Natural or forced engine cool-down Ready all systems for sampling and data collection Preconditioning of engine and particulate system including dilution tunnel Cold start exhaust emissions test 10 +/- 1 min hot soak period (Amendment 2) Set PM systems in by-pass mode and change dummy PM filter to weighted sampling filter. Ready all...

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EUROPEAN UNION VEHICLE CATEGORIES Dir 70/156/EEC as amended by Dir 2001/116/EEC Category Description Sub- Number Mass Limit category of Persons Up to M1 GVW ≤ 3,500 kg 1 9 Persons Transportation M of Passengers M2 GVW ≤ 5,000 kg Over 9 Persons Min. 4 wheels M3 GVW > 5,000 kg N1 Cl 1 Max GVW N1 Cl 2 ≤ 3,500 kg Transportation N of Goods N1 Cl 3 N.A. N2 Min. 4 wheels N3 HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards Until Euro IV: 2 subgroups: M1 with GVW ≤ 2,500 kg and M1 with 2,500 kg < GVW ≤ 3,500 kg Euro I - Dir 88/77/EEC amended by Dir 91/542/EEC Exhaust emissions of C.I. engines for vehicles > 25 km/h Test...

EUROPEAN UNION Euro III - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC and Dir 2001/27/EC Limit values - Euro III - Diesel engines are tested on ESC and ELR cycles (see pages 16-17). NOx can be tested on ETC cycle (6.5 g/kWh) if required by TA authority - Diesel engines fitted with aftertreatment devices (PM filters, De-NOx) are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles. - Gas engines are tested only on ETC cycle EEV = “Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle” = Type of vehicle propelled by an engine complying with the permissive emission target values shown in the EEV columns ESC/ELR ETC ESC/ELR ETC...

EUROPEAN UNION Euro IV - Dir 88/77/EC as amended by Dir 1999/96/EC, Dir 2005/55/EC Dir 2005/78/EC and Dir 2006/51/EC NOx screening - “Cycle beating” - Diesel engines are tested on ESC, ELR and ETC cycles if required (see pages 16-17) - Gas engine are tested on ETC cycle • Cycle beating appeared from Euro III due to the use of smart electronics: Injection timing advance during transient operation (fuel consumption reduction) Retarded timings retaining during steady states (NOx reduction). • Dir 2001/27/EC, amendment to Dir 88/77/EEC: prescriptions to prevent the use of defeat devices and/or irrational...

EUROPEAN UNION Euro V - Dir 2005/55/EC and Dir 2005/78/EC amended by Dir 2008/74/EC reflects the change of vehicle scope due to the Euro 5 & 6 Dir 2006/51/EC and Dir 2008/74/EC regulations for passenger cars and light duty trucks. For TA and for EEV’s, the emissions have to be determined on the ETC and the It includes test procedures for HD and vehicles with gasoline engines. ESC/ELR tests (see pages 16-17). N1 Class I category vehicles (reference weight ≤ 1,305 kg) are removed from the Emissions Euro V Euro V - EEV scope of the directive. Application date FR 01Sep11. TA: 01Oct08 Unit ESC/ELR...