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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications

Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications
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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications

Product catalog summary
Introduction
Piezoceramics are advanced ceramics that convert mechanical quantities like pressure and acceleration into electrical signals and vice versa. They are widely used in electromechanical transducers across various industries, including automotive and ultrasonic technology.
Specifications and Applications
Piezoceramic components are essential in sensors and ultrasonic transducers, enhancing safety and engine control in the automotive industry. They are also used in gas ignition systems and ultrasonic applications for cleaning, drilling, and welding.
Fundamentals of Piezoceramics
Piezoceramics are ferroelectric materials, primarily based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT), with a perovskite crystal structure. They exhibit direct and inverse piezoelectric effects, where mechanical stress generates electrical charge and electric fields cause deformation.
Polarization Process
Polarization aligns electric dipoles in piezoceramics using a strong electric field, resulting in remanent polarization. The hysteresis curve illustrates the relationship between electric field strength and dielectric displacement.
Butterfly Curve and Strain Behavior
The strain behavior of piezoceramics under varying field strengths results in a "butterfly curve," which is crucial for determining the operating point of piezoceramic components.
Depolarization Factors
Depolarization, which degrades piezoelectric properties, can occur due to thermal exposure, opposing electric fields, and mechanical pressure. Lifetime tests are essential to assess depolarization behavior.
High-Performance Materials
CeramTec's SONOX® materials are categorized for sensors, actuators, and transducers, with specific materials like SONOX® P4, P8, P5, P502, P504, and P508 tailored for various applications.
ROHS Compliance and Recycling
Despite containing lead, piezoceramic components are exempt from ROHS restrictions. CeramTec offers recycling services for uncontaminated components.
Manufacturing Expertise
CeramTec's manufacturing processes comply with TS 16949 standards, involving mixing, forming, sintering, and applying electrodes, with quality control ensuring precise dimensions and properties.
Shapes and Dimensions
Piezoceramic components come in various shapes and dimensions, with standard tolerances and resonance frequency specifications provided.
Dynamic Behavior
The dynamic behavior of piezoceramics under AC voltage is explained, highlighting resonance frequencies and their impact on current consumption and oscillation amplitude.
Recommendations for Connections
Guidelines for terminal connections include soldering techniques and preheating recommendations.
Materials and Metallization
Materials like SONOX® P5 and SONOX® P502 are highlighted for their high coupling factors. Standard electrode materials include silver or nickel-gold, with specific configurations for enhanced functionalities.
Transducer Materials
SONOX® P4 and P8 are used for power conversion transducers, characterized by low dielectric loss and high mechanical Q factors.
Technical Parameters
Key parameters include aging rate, Curie temperature, dielectric constant, frequency constant, mechanical Q factor, and coupling factor, essential for understanding piezoceramic performance.
Glossary of Terms
A glossary explains technical terms related to piezoelectric technology.
Applications
Piezoceramics are used in automotive technology, gas ignition systems, and ultrasonic technology for various applications, including cleaning, drilling, and welding.
Bibliography
A comprehensive list of references is provided, detailing foundational texts and research on piezoelectric ceramics.
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Catalog excerpts

Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-1

CeramTec GmbH Multifunctional Ceramics Division Luitpoldstraße 15 91207 Lauf, Germany Phone: +49 9123 77-300 Fax: +49 9123 77-515 [email protected] T MF080007• DE/EN • 1.000 • 1511 • atio (3658) • Printed in Germany Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications Gesamtansicht außen

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-2

Immer aktiv: Keramik in der Piezotechnik A powerful presence – ceramics in piezo applications Notizen Notes 2 Piezokeramiken dienen der Umwand- tromechanischer Wandler als Antriebe für lung von mechanischen Größen, wie hydraulische und pneumatische Ventile, Druck und Beschleunigung in elektri- sche Größen, oder umgekehrt von elek- trischen Signalen in mechanische Bewe- Piezoelektrische Sensoren Piezoceramic sensors • Leistungsultraschallgeber High-power ultrasonic gung oder Schwingungen. Bei dieser großen Vielfalt der Anwen- dungsmöglichkeiten ist es sinnvoll, schon in der Entwicklungsphase neuer...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-3

3 Piezoceramics are capable of converting The operation of piezoceramic actua- mechanical quantities such as pressure tors relies on the ability of piezo elements and acceleration into electrical quantities to produce controlled deformation in the or, conversely, of transforming electri- micrometer range. This characteristic en­ cal signals into mechanical movement or ables new applications for electromecha­ nical transducers as drivers in hydraulic and pneumatic valves, positioning systems, Piezoceramic components are used in a broad spectrum of electromechanical systems for liquid and gaseous...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-4

Grundlagen der keramischen Piezotechnik Fundamentals of piezoceramics 4 Direkter piezoelektrischer Effekt Direct piezoelectric effect Piezoelectrics: performance under Unter Piezoelektrizität versteht man Piezoelectricity is based on the ability of die Eigenschaft bestimmter Kristalle, bei certain crystals to generate an electrical mechanischer Deformation infolge Druck charge when mechanically loaded with oder Zug elektrische Ladungen freizuset- pressure or tension (direct piezo effect). zen (direkter Piezoeffekt). Die Umkehrung Conversely, these crystals undergo a con­ dieses Vorgangs, nämlich...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-5

Keramiken, die den Piezoeffekt zeigen, Ceramics exhibiting piezoelectric pro- gehören zur Gruppe der Ferroelektrika. perties belong to the group of ferroelec- Heute werden fast ausnahmslos Systeme tric materials. Today‘s systems are based mostly on lead zirconate titanate (PZT), wendet, also Mischkristalle aus Bleizirko- i.e., they consist of mixed crystals of lead zirconate (PbZrO3) and lead titanate ein polykristallines Gebilde, also aus einer Vielzahl von Kristalliten (Domänen) aufge- Piezoceramic components have a poly- baut, die wiederum aus einer Vielzahl von crystalline structure comprising...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-6

Grundlagen der keramischen Piezotechnik Fundamentals of piezoceramics Schematische Darstellung der idealen Perowskit- Schematic diagram of an ideal perovskite structure, struktur unter Vernachlässigung der auftretenden Ver- neglecting distortions due to spontaneous polarization zerrungen durch spontane Polarisation unterhalb der below Curie temperature. The bivalent cation is loca- Curietemperatur. Im Zentrum des Würfels befindet ted in the center of the cube, while the tetravalent sich das zweiwertige Kation, während die vierwerti- cations form the cube corners. The bivalent anions are gen Kationen...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-7

Unmittelbar nach dem Sinterprozess des Immediately after sintering, the do­ keramischen Körpers zeigen die Domänen mains of a ceramic body (i.e., the areas (Bereiche mit Elementarzellen einheitlicher c ­ onsisting of elementary cells of uniform Dipolrichtung) eine willkürliche Orientie- dipole direction) will show an arbitrary rung mit statistischer Verteilung, so dass (statistically distributed) orientation, i.e., der makroskopische Körper isotrop ist und the macroscopic body is isotropic and in diesem Zustand keinen piezoelektri- shows no piezoelectric properties. schen Effekt zeigt. These...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-8

Grundlagen der keramischen Piezotechnik Fundamentals of piezoceramics 8 Die bei diesem Vorgang erzeugte rema- Durchfährt man diese Kurve mit positi- In other words, the material exhibits pie- nente Polarisation wird durch die untenste- vem und negativem Feld mehrmals, stellt zoelectric properties. When an opposed hende Abbildung erläutert, die die elektri- man fest, dass Hin- und Rücklauf nicht field is applied, D will decrease and disap- sche Verschiebungsdichte D als Funktion übereinstimmen. Die sich bildende Schlei- pear at a given field strength the coercive der angelegten Feldstärke E zeigt....

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-9

9 Trägt man, wie im nächsten Bild dar- If we plot the strain S of the ceramic gestellt, die Dehnung S des keramischen body over the field strength E, as in the Körpers in Abhängigkeit der angelegten next illustration, we obtain a “butterfly Feldstärke E ein, erhält man die sogenann- curve“. The strain S initially grows fol- te Schmetterlingskurve. S wächst anfangs lowing the “initial curve“ (starting from 0) entlang der Neukurve und erreicht eine before it reaches a saturation point. At Sättigung. Im Remanenzpunkt bleibt auch the remanence level, the ceramic will reta- die remanente Dehnung Sr...

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Advanced Ceramics in Piezo Applications-10

A full or partial elimination of the do- werden beeinträchtigt, wenn die beim main alignment achieved by the polarizing Polen erreichte Ausrichtung der Domänen process (depolarization) will degrade the ganz oder teilweise zerstört wird (Depola- piezoelectric properties of the material. Drei Einflussgrößen können zur Depola- three factors: risation führen: • Thermal depolarization due to heat • Thermische Depolarisation durch Er- exposure. In application environments, wärmung. In der Anwendung sollte die the component temperature should not exceed one-half the Curie temper- Datenblatt angegebenen...

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