General Information
This document provides comprehensive details on ACE Glass's laboratory glassware, which adheres to various standards such as ASTM, API, AOAC, USP, NIST, and NIOSH. Custom apparatus orders require detailed specifications and are non-returnable. ACE offers design assistance for custom apparatus.
Types of Glass
ACE glassware is crafted from 33 expansion borosilicate glass, including brands like Pyrex and Duran, known for durability and compliance with federal and ASTM specifications.
Breakage, Loss, and Returns
Customers must notify ACE immediately in case of breakage or loss. Returns require pre-approval and an RA number, with a 20% restocking fee for authorized returns. ACE is not responsible for damage during return shipments.
Ordering Information
Products can be ordered using specific codes. Discounts are available for large orders, and various payment methods are accepted. International orders are managed by the International Sales Department.
Technical Information
The catalog includes technical specifications for glassware, size guides, joint specifications, material properties, conversion factors, and an O-ring compatibility chart.
Plastic Properties
Details on the properties of plastics like LDPE, HDPE, PP, PTFE/FEP, PC, and PMP are provided, including temperature limits and tensile strength.
Pressure and Temperature Conversions
Conversion tables for pressure and temperature are included to aid in equipment use under different conditions.
Reference Guide to ACE Boiling FlasksSpecifications for boiling flasks with capacities from 5 mL to 200,000 mL are provided, including outer diameters and specific
flask types.
Guide to Flange Styles
Details various flange styles with internal diameter, outer diameter, thickness, and compatible clamps.
Standard Pipe Thread Fittings
Illustrations compare thread sizes, diameters, and lengths for fittings.
Sterilization Reference Guide
Lists sterilization methods such as autoclave, dry heat, gas, microwave, gamma irradiation, and chemical disinfectants.
Viscosity Information
Explains viscosity types and provides conversion factors for kinematic and absolute viscosity.
Chemical Resistance for Plastic Resins
A table classifies the chemical resistance of various plastic resins against different substances at 20°C.
Bench Reactors/Filter
Describes ACE Filter Reactors for single or multi-step reactions and filtrations, with features like mechanical agitation and inert materials.
Specifications
Details on jacketed and unjacketed filter reactors for cooling or heating applications, available in different sizes with Schott flanges and Ace-Thred connections.
Procedures
Ordering information and product codes for reactor components, including instructions for connecting components using PTFE adapters and CAPFE o-rings.
Norms and Standards
Reactors are rated for 35 psi pressure and can operate at temperatures up to 200°C without vacuum or pressure.
Recommendations
For optimal performance, specific adapters and valves are recommended for connecting reactor components.
Key Data from Tables
Tables provide detailed specifications for reactor capacities, flange sizes, body dimensions, and order codes.
Critical Information
Reactors are available in capacities from 150 mL to 6000 mL, with detailed pricing and order codes for each component.
Adapter and Tubing Connection
Describes the connection process for a #15 adapter, made from PTFE, with order codes and prices for different sizes.
Rupture Disc
Designed for use in pressure manifolds, made from high-purity carbon with a PTFE coating, with burst pressures and order codes listed.
Pressure Manifold
Equipped with a pressure gauge, adjustable pressure relief valve, and rupture disc, with specifications and order codes provided.
Tubing Connector
Quick connect/disconnect tubing connector for connecting tubing from a pressure source to the manifold, with order codes and prices.
Safety Shield
Self-supporting safety shield made from polycarbonate, with dimensions, weight, and order codes provided.
Reaction Flasks
Various types of reaction flasks are described, with specifications such as capacity, dimensions, and order codes.
Glass Bearing
Describes a glass bearing with Ace-Threds for use with stirring shafts, with order codes and prices.
Filter Disc
Filter discs available in polyethylene and borosilicate glass, with different porosity levels and order codes.
Thermometer Adapter
Adapters for thermometers with specific joint sizes, with order codes and prices listed.
Offset Adapter
An offset adapter with Ace-Thred for use with pressure reactors, with order codes and prices.
Condenser
West style condensers for use with specific reactor heads, with order codes and prices provided.
Funnel for Powder DispensingVarious funnels for dispensing powders into reactions, with features like screw feed mechanisms and PTFE construction, with order codes and prices.
Specifications
Detailed specifications for various laboratory equipment and accessories, including bench reactor accessories, clamps, support stands, and reactor components.
Procedures
Outlines procedures for assembling and using the equipment, emphasizing proper handling to avoid mechanical and thermal stress on glassware.
Standards and Recommendations
References ASTM standards for testing and simulation of automobile engine oils, highlighting the importance of meeting these standards for performance and safety.
Key Data from Tables
Includes tables with order codes, dimensions, and prices for various products.
Critical Information
Maximum operating temperature for standard reactors is 160°C, with specific temperature differences allowed across glass walls.
ConclusionThe document serves as a comprehensive guide for selecting, assembling, and safely operating
laboratory reactors and accessories, with a strong emphasis on adhering to industry standards and best practices.
Overview
Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for pilot plant reactors designed to meet specific application needs.
Key Specifications- Heating/Cooling Circulator: Options available based on capacity requirements.
- Temperature Controller: Necessary for precise temperature management.
- Flask Types: Available in spherical, cylindrical, jacketed, and unjacketed forms.
- Motor Types: Options include air-driven, electric, digital, and analog motors.
- Agitators: Various types and numbers available, with options for pinned or non-pinned configurations.
- Bottom Valve Types: Includes options like Easy Action, Sink Type, ZDS Valve, Piston Type, Beaded, and Flush Seal.
Product Features- Complete Reaction Assemblies: Self-supporting pilot plant assemblies that can be moved intact without breakdown.
- Temperature Control: Digital readout temperature controllers with PFA coated thermo-probes for enhanced control.
- Stirring Mechanism: Rugged PTFE stirring rods with precision bearings, requiring no lubrication.
- Flask Support: Adjustable height supports for easy access and operation.
Ordering Information Detailed order codes and pricing for various components and complete systems are provided, with options for customization based on specific needs.
Additional Features- Safety Shields: Available for enhanced safety during operation.
- Support Frames: Stainless steel frames with casters for mobility and adjustable height.
- Cooling Coils: Available in copper/PTFE, 316 stainless steel, or Hastalloy C-276.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for cylindrical pilot plant reactors available in 30, 50, and 100-liter capacities.
Specifications- Flask Sizes: Available in 30, 50, and 100 liters.
- Head Types: Domed head with eight openings or flat head with seven openings.
- Materials: PTFE, stainless steel, and Chemraz O-rings for chemical resistance.
- Support Frame: Stainless steel pipe support frame on casters for mobility, with adjustable height supports.
- Heat Exchange Coil: Internal coil made of PTFE-coated copper, with options for Hastalloy C-276 or 316 stainless steel.
Components and Accessories- Agitators: Lower and upper PTFE agitators with multi-paddle and pitched blades.
- Stirring Shaft: Polished glass shaft with PTFE bearings.
- Temperature Control: Digital system to prevent overheating and provide instant temperature readouts.
- Motors: Air-driven or electric motors available, with optional electric stirrer motors.
Ordering Information- Each reactor and component has a specific order code and price.
- Custom variations and additional stirring motors are available upon request.
- Contact ACE Engineering for special orders and further product information.
Key Features- Flask openings are 300mm with a flat-ground plane flange.
- Bottom outlet valves are adjustable and made with Chemraz for chemical resistance.
- Frames are shipped assembled for convenience.
- Available with Lexan™ safety shields for added protection.
Conclusion The document serves as a comprehensive guide for selecting and ordering pilot plant reactors, detailing the specifications, components, and customization options available to meet specific industrial needs.
Specifications Details specifications for various laboratory and pilot plant reactors, including components such as flasks, heads, motors, and temperature control systems.
Procedures The assembly involves securing the head to the flask using a PTFE gasket and a two-piece polymer coupling, with a maximum bolt tightening torque of 30 in-lbs.
Standards and Recommendations Emphasizes the use of PTFE and CAPFE materials for gaskets and O-rings due to their chemical resistance.
Key Components and Pricing Includes a detailed list of components with order codes and prices, such as flasks, heads, agitators, bearings, and temperature control systems.
Additional Features Reactors are supported by stainless steel frames with adjustable height supports and are available with optional safety shields.
Specifications Provides detailed specifications for various pilot plant reactors, including 10, 20, 30, and 50-liter jacketed reactors.
Procedures The assembly and operation of the reactors involve securing the head to the flask with quick-release clamps, using a stirring motor mounted on an epoxy-coated plate, and employing a temperature monitoring system with a PTFE-covered
thermocouple for instant temperature readouts.
Norms and Standards The reactors are designed with safety in mind, offering options for Lexan™ safety shields and requiring the use of enclosed hoods or additional shielding for safe operation.
Recommendations For optimal performance, the document recommends using the reactors with appropriate heating/cooling circulators and suggests contacting ACE for a full circulator catalog.
Key Data from Tables Includes detailed pricing and order codes for each component and complete reactor setups.
Critical Information Emphasizes the importance of using the correct components and configurations to ensure chemical resistance and operational safety.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various types of reactors and pilot plant equipment offered by ACE Glass.
Specifications- PTFE Joint Inserts: Stainless steel head with PTFE cover, maximum bolt-tightening torque of 30 in-lbs in cold state.
- Stirring Motor: Compact air-driven motor with 1.5 HP at 90 lbs air pressure, optional electronic stirring available.
- Stirring Shaft: 28mm O.D. precision ground and polished glass shaft with PTFE agitators for grease-free operation.
- Cooling Coil: Available in copper tubing encapsulated with PTFE, 316 Stainless Steel, or Hastalloy C-276.
- Temperature Monitoring: PTFE-covered type “J” thermocouple for instant temperature readout.
Reactor Configurations- 100 Liter Reactor: Features a domed glass head with large side port opening, stainless steel support frame, and adjustable height flask support. Jacket volume is 26 liters.
- 50 Liter Reactor: Low-profile design for walk-in hoods, stainless steel support frame, and available with domed head. Jacket volume is 14.25 liters.
- 50/72/100 Liter Spherical Reactors: Unjacketed with internal heat exchange coil, stainless steel support frame, and adjustable height flask supports.
Ordering Information Detailed product codes and pricing are provided for each component and complete reactor systems.
Key Features- PTFE gaskets and polymer couplings for secure sealing.
- Heavy-duty electric motors for hazardous area duty.
- Optional accessories such as safety shields and electronic controllers.
Specifications and Components Provides detailed specifications and pricing for various components used in large-scale pilot plants and reactors.
200 Liter Reactor Features a stainless steel support frame, internal heat exchange coil, and adjustable height flask support.
Auto Reactor II System Designed for automated reactions, featuring the Impresario controller for monitoring and data logging.
Pilot Plant Packages Outlines key components for 10L, 20L, 30L, and 50L pilot plant systems.
Filtration Apparatus and Filter Reactors Ace Glass offers bench and kilo scale filtration apparatus and reactors.
Valve Types for Reaction Flasks Describes different valve types, including Easy Action Bottom Valve, Sink Type Valve, ZDS™ Valve, Piston Type Valve, and Beaded Valve.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various types of reaction flasks offered by Ace Glass.
Flask Specifications- Flat Flange Reaction Flasks (6511, 6516): These flasks have a flat bottom and flange with an o-ring groove for CAPFE® o-rings.
- Cylindrical Reaction Flasks with ZDS™ Valve (6518): These flasks feature a Schott-Duran style top flange and a bottom outlet with a ZDS™ PTFE valve.
- Jacketed Reaction Flasks (6519): These flasks have a flat flange with an o-ring groove and are designed for easy cleaning.
- Spherical Reaction Flasks (6530, 6957): These flasks have multiple necks and are available with side ports or bottom outlets.
Ordering Information Each flask type is associated with specific order codes and prices.
Key Features- Flasks are supplied with CAPFE o-rings for leak-free seals.
- Various configurations are available to suit different laboratory needs.
- Some flasks are equipped with reference graduations for capacity measurement.
Additional Components Lists additional components such as gaskets, clamps, and cooling/heating coils, with specific order codes and prices.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various types of funnels and condensers used in chemical synthesis and laboratory applications.
Funnel Specifications- Organic/Inorganic Chemical Synthesis Funnel: Features a removable perforated plate for easy cleaning and autoclaving.
- Powder Dispensing Funnels: Various models with flexible PTFE screw threads to prevent seizing.
- Specialty Funnels: Includes offset, angled, and flat side designs for specific applications.
Condenser Specifications- Allihn Condensers: Available with standard and Ace-Thred connectors.
- Cold Finger Condensers: Designed for use with pilot plant reactors.
- High Capacity Condensers: Double and triple coil designs for large-scale reactions.
- Spiral and Modified Keenan Condensers: Designed for reflux and horizontal applications.
Ordering Information Each product is listed with specific order codes and pricing.
Specifications Provides detailed specifications for various laboratory glassware components, including condensers, distillation columns, and spargers.
Procedures Instructions for ordering and product information are provided.
Norms and Standards Components are designed to fit specific joint sizes and are compatible with Ace-Safe connectors.
Recommendations Recommendations include using specific adapters and connectors for optimal performance.
Key Data from Tables Tables provide order codes, pricing, and detailed specifications for each component.
Critical Information Emphasizes the compatibility of components with specific reactor heads.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various types of thermocouple and RTD sensor probes, as well as heating mantles used in laboratory settings.
Thermocouple Sensor Probes Lists Type "J", "K", and "T" thermocouple sensors, specifying sheath length, outer diameter, coating material, maximum temperature, lead length, and attachment type.
RTD Sensor Probes Describes RTD sensors with similar specifications as thermocouples.
Heating Mantles Various types of heating mantles are detailed, including fabric/cloth and aluminum housing options.
Ordering Information Provides contact information for ordering, including a phone number and website.
Key Considerations Maximum temperature limits vary by sensor type and coating material.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various heating mantles and related laboratory equipment offered by Ace Glass.
Product Specifications- Heating Mantles: Available in various configurations including aluminum housing, fabric/cloth, and low profile designs.
- StirMantle: Combines heating with magnetic stirring capabilities.
- Voltage Controllers: Devices like the Mantle Minder II and solid-state controllers provide precise control over heating mantles.
- Insulating Blankets: Designed for jacketed reactor flasks, these blankets provide chemical resistance and thermal insulation.
Ordering Information Each product is listed with an order code and price.
Key Considerations- All heating mantles must be operated through a temperature controller to ensure safety and accuracy.
- CSA certification ensures compliance with safety standards.
Specifications Provides detailed specifications for various stirring components, including glass and PTFE stirring blades, nylon chucks, high-speed vacuum bearings, and Trubore® bearings.
Procedures Instructions for using the stirring blades and chucks with specific shafts are provided.
Standards and Recommendations Recommendations include using specific lubricants like 8117 Stir-Lube for optimal performance.
Key Data from Tables Tables list order codes, dimensions, and prices for each component.
Critical Information Ensure compatibility of blades with shaft O.D.
Best Practices Regular lubrication and correct assembly alignment are emphasized to ensure longevity and performance of the stirring components.
Overview Provides detailed specifications and ordering information for various stirring shafts, bearings, and agitators used in laboratory settings.
Specifications- Stirring Shafts: Available in stainless steel and borosilicate glass, both with a 10mm diameter.
- Bearings: PTFE bearings are lubricant-free and designed for use with 10mm shafts.
- Agitators: Various designs including PTFE and stainless steel blades.
Procedures- Stirring shafts should be joined to motors using 8124 series chucks.
Recommendations- Use PTFE-coated shafts for higher stirring speeds.
Ordering Information Detailed order codes and pricing are provided for each component.
Specifications Provides detailed specifications for various PTFE and stainless steel agitators, stir blades, and stirring shafts.
Product Descriptions Describes different types of stir blades and agitators.
Ordering Information Each product is listed with an order code and price.
Key Features PTFE components are chemically inert and designed for high vacuum applications.
Recommendations Choose the appropriate agitator or stir blade based on the flask capacity and shaft type.
Krytox LVP High Vacuum Grease- Composition: Kylpolyether oil and fluorocarbon resin thickener.
- Purpose: Lubricates fittings and accessories of high vacuum systems.
- Operating Conditions: Effective at temperatures down to 10-12 torr at 20°C.
- Temperature Range: -20° to 260°C (-5° to 500°F).
- Properties: Low vapor pressure, chemically inert, nonflammable, compatible with metals, plastics, and elastomers, excellent oxidation and thermal stability.
Product Specifications and Ordering Information- PTFE Packing: Conforms to stuffing box and shaft contours, available for different shaft sizes.
- Shaft Coupling: Connects stir motor shaft to reactor stir shaft, absorbs shock, and provides quiet operation.
- Chuck: Nylon chuck with flexible insert for misalignment, fits standard motor shafts.
- Stirring Shaft Coupling: Universal swivel coupling for metal chucks, secured via Allen screw.
- Collar with PTFE Gasket: Positions shaft in bearing, prevents shaft from dropping, includes PTFE gasket.
- Gasket PTFE: Flat gasket for stirring shafts, acts as dust cover.
Safety Shields- Fabricated for reactor stands, made of high impact Lexan, covers full height for safety.
Air Stirrers- Light Duty: Compact air motor, variable speeds from 200 to 10,000 rpm, stainless steel shaft and propeller.
- Heavy Duty: Designed for viscous materials, speeds from 50 to 1200 rpm, includes muffler for quiet operation.
- High Torque: Heavy duty air motor, speeds from 300 to 3000 rpm, consumes 42 cfm at 3000 rpm.
Filter/Regulator/Lubricator- Recommended for air motors, removes impurities, adjustable pressure range, not for use with certain chemicals.
Pressure Gauges- For monitoring pressure in laboratories, available with brass or stainless steel internals.
Heidolph RZR Stirrers- Standard Series: Digital or analog speed display, overload protection, suitable for continuous operation.
- Control Series: Electronic control for constant torque, digital display for speed and torque, computer controllable.
Laboratory Stirrers- Heavy Duty: Handles high viscosity fluids, variable speed up to 1000 rpm.
- Light Duty: For watery to light syrupy mixtures, variable speed up to 6000 rpm.
- Medium Torque: For light to syrupy mixtures, variable speed up to 2000 rpm.
Specifications Overview
1. Model 13542-25: Gear Head, up to 1000 rpm, 7.35 in-lbs torque, 1/10 HP, 120 VAC, 8 lbs.
2. Model 13543-12: Direct Drive, up to 6000 rpm, 1.05 in-lbs torque, 1/10 HP, 120 VAC, 8 lbs.
3. Model 13544-20: Direct Drive, up to 2000 rpm, 2.43 in-lbs torque, 1/15 HP, 120 VAC, 8 lbs.
Stirrer Models and Features
Model 13514: Basic, Variable Speed, suitable for up to 10 liters (H2O), speed range 40–1200 rpm, maximum viscosity 10,000 mPas.
Model 13520: Eurostar Power Control-visc, suitable for up to 40 liters (H2O), speed range 8-290 rpm, maximum viscosity 150,000 mPas, digital display.
Model 13523: Variable Speed, Scale RW 20 Digital, suitable for up to 20 liters (H2O), speed range 60-2000 rpm, maximum viscosity 10,000 mPas.
Model 13517: Basic, Variable Speed, Digital, suitable for high viscosity tasks, speed range 50–2000 rpm, maximum viscosity 50,000 mPas.
Advanced Stirrer Models
Model 13565-05 / BDC6015: Ultra-Speed, 40-6000 rpm, maximum torque 170 N-cm, suitable for 25 liters, maximum viscosity 20,000 cps.
Model 13565-10 / BDC3030: Universal Model, 20-3000 rpm, maximum torque 339 N-cm, suitable for 60 liters, maximum viscosity 50,000 cps.
Model 13566-05 / BDC2010: Reversing, Digital, 40-2010 rpm, maximum torque 100 N-cm, suitable for 25 liters, maximum viscosity 20,000 cps.
Model 13565-20 / BDC1850: Compact, 12-1800 rpm, maximum torque 565 N-cm, suitable for 80 liters, maximum viscosity 90,000 cps.
Stirring Motors and Controllers
Model 13554: Stirring Motor and Controller for hazardous and non-hazardous areas, variable speed up to 1750 rpm, available in 1/4 or 1/2 hp.
Model 13557: Stirring Motor and Controller with right-angle, offset drive, available in hazardous and standard duty series.
Model 13555: Digital, Haz Mat Series, heavy-duty stirrer motors with digital Microdrive control box, available in 1/4 and 1/2 HP.
Additional Components
Gear Reducer 13557-20: 4:1 reduction, fits both standard and hazardous duty series.
Dual Motor Speed & Power Controller 13532: Solid state, provides more torque at higher speeds, AC and DC output sockets.
Overview Provides detailed technical specifications and product information for various sealing and temperature control products, including KALREZ and CHEMRAZ O-Rings, Julabo recirculators and chillers, and Heidolph rotary evaporators.
1. KALREZ O-Rings- Sealing Performance: Offers resilience and sealing force similar to elastomers with chemical inertness and thermal stability akin to PTFE.
- Chemical Resistance: Suitable for hot, corrosive environments.
- Thermal Stability: Retains elastic properties at temperatures up to 316°C for long-term service.
2. CHEMRAZ O-Rings- Sealing Performance: Combines elastomer resilience with chemical resistance approaching PTFE.
- Chemical Resistance: Broad chemical resistance, suitable for similar environments as KALREZ.
- Thermal Stability: Retains properties in harsh environments from -30°F to over 220°C.
3. Julabo Recirculators and Chillers- Models: Includes Presto Series, Magnum 91, and HighTech Series with varying temperature ranges and cooling capacities.
- Features: Splash-proof keypads, VFD and LCD displays, RS232 & 485 interfaces, rapid cooling and heating, and integrated safety functions.
- Applications: Suitable for external applications, pilot plants, and jacketed reaction vessels.
4. Heidolph LABOROTA 20 Rotary Evaporators- Capacity: Up to 20 liters, designed for large-scale distillation.
- Features: Programmable digital panel, continuous use design, automatic condensate drainage, and self-filling bath system.
- Safety: Incorporates leading safety features for laboratory and sample protection.
5. Additional Products- Tubing and Insulation: Viton and metal tubing with temperature ranges and insulation options.
- Miscellaneous Accessories: Includes fittings and adapters for Julabo circulators.
- Temperature Probes: Pt100 sensors for temperature measurement and control.
Overview Provides detailed information on various models of Heidolph LABOROTA 20 rotary evaporators, including their features, specifications, and ordering information.
Specifications and Features- Heidolph LABOROTA 20 Control models are available in Economy, Safety, and Automatic versions.
- Economy models offer basic features with options for water or oil baths.
- Safety models include additional protective features such as a metal-framed safety shield.
- Automatic models are designed for unattended distillations with features like automatic solvent delivery and condensate drainage.
Glassware Assemblies- Various glassware assemblies are available, including ascending and descending condensers, expansion vessels, and receiving flasks.
- Assemblies are designed to handle standard distillations, low-boiling solvents, and high recovery rates.
Replacement Components- Replacement glassware and components for Heidolph and Buchi rotary evaporators are detailed.
- Options for poly-coated or plain, non-coated versions are available.
Ordering Information Provides order codes and pricing for each product.
Specifications Provides detailed specifications for various glassware and equipment used in scientific and research applications.
Procedures Instructions for ordering and product information are provided.
Standards and Norms The glass products meet ASTM and Federal specifications for borosilicate glass.
Recommendations Recommendations are provided for the installation and support of glass piping systems.
Key Data from Tables and Charts Includes tables listing product dimensions, capacities, and pricing.
Critical Information Emphasizes the importance of using the correct installation methods and support structures.
Specifications and Installation Outlines the installation and testing procedures for glass piping systems.
Spare Parts and Storage It is recommended to have one spare part for every twelve in use.
Cleaning Guidelines The pipeline should be flushed with water, cleaning fluids, or atmospheric pressure steam.
Tools Required Lists necessary tools for installation.
Product Information and Ordering Detailed product information is provided for various pipe sizes.
Adapters and Accessories Describes adapters for connecting beaded process pipes to other fittings.
Specifications Describes various vacuum regulators and monitors designed for use with different vacuum systems.
Procedures The pressure ramp feature in the vacuum regulators allows for user-defined evacuation rates.
Performance Data Key performance data for solvent recovery is provided.
Product Listings Includes a detailed index of laboratory equipment and accessories.
Recommendations Suggests using the vacuum regulators with systems that run continuously.
Glass Terminology and Processes
Edge Treatment The process of smoothing or shaping the edges of glass.
Glass Formation The initial shape of glass, known as a blank, is further processed to create finished products.
Defects and Imperfections Common glass defects include blisters, bloom, checks, and cracks.
Glass Processing Techniques Techniques such as center-less grinding and concentric grinding are used to shape glass tubes and rods.
Physical Properties Important properties include the dielectric constant, expansion coefficient, refractive index, and Young's modulus.
Glass Types and Standards Type I glass is a standard for pharmaceutical packaging.
Ordering Information Ace Glass Incorporated offers online purchasing with options for corporate billing or credit card payments.