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Temperature sensor, Coil heater, Thermocouple cable, Strip heater, Temperature limiter
Text version of the page
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Application Guide
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Electric Heaters
Most electrical heating problems can be readily solved by determin-ing the heat required to do the job. To do this, the heat requirement must be converted to electrical power and the most practical heater can then be selected for the job. Whether the problem is heating solids, liquids or gases, the method, or approach, to determining the power requirement is the same. All heating problems involve the following steps to their solution:
Define the Heating Problem
Calculate Power Requirements
System Start-up and Operating Power Requirement
System Maintenance Power Requirements
Operating Heat Losses
Power Evaluation
Review System Application Factors
Safe/Permissible Watt Densities Mechanical Considerations Operating Environment Factors Safety Factor Heater Life Requirements Electrical Lead Considerations
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Defining the Problem
Your heating problem must be clear-ly stated, paying careful attention to defining operating parameters. Gather this application information:
• Minimum start and finish temperatures expected
• Maximum flow rate of material(s) being heated
• Required time for start-up heating and process cycle times
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• Weights and dimensions of both heated material(s) and containing vessel(s)
• Effects of insulation and its thermal properties
• Electrical requirements—voltage
• Temperature sensing methods and location(s)
• Temperature controller type
• Power controller type
• Electrical limitations
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And since the thermal system you're designing may not take into account all the possible or unforeseen heating requirements, don't forget a safety factor. A safety factor increases heater capacity beyond calculated requirements. For details on safety factor, please see "Safety Factor Calculation" under the portion of this section dealing with "Review of Heater Application Factors," on page 20.
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