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Health and Safety Executive

Manual handling guidebook - 4858 Good handling technique for pushing and pulling

Here are some practical points to remember when loads are pushed or pulled.
â–  Handling devices. Aids such as barrows and trolleys should have handleheights that are between the shoulder and waist. Devices should be well- maintained with wheels that run smoothly (the law requires that equipment is maintained). When purchasing new trolleys etc, ensure they are of good quality with large diameter wheels made of suitable material and with castors, bearings etc which will last with minimum maintenance. Consultation with your employees and safety representatives will help, as they know what works and what doesn’t.
â–  Force. As a rough guide the amount of force that needs to be applied to moveaload over a flat, level surface using a well-maintained handling aid is at least 2% of the load weight. For example, if the load weight is 400 kg, then the force needed to move the load is 8 kg. The force needed will be larger, perhaps a lot larger, if conditions are not perfect (eg wheels not in the right position or a device that is poorly maintained). The operator should try to push rather than pull when moving a load, provided they can see over it and control steering and stopping.
â–  Slopes. Employees should enlist help from another worker whenevernecessary if they have to negotiate a slope or ramp, as pushing and pulling forces can be very high. For example, if a load of 400 kg is moved up a slope of 1 in 12 (about 5°), the required force is over 30 kg even in ideal conditions - good wheels and a smooth slope. This is above the guideline weight for men and well above the guideline weight for women.
â–  Uneven surfaces. Moving an object over soft or uneven surfaces requireshigher forces. On an uneven surface, the force needed to start the load moving could increase to 10% of the load weight, although this might be offset to some extent by using larger wheels. Soft ground may be even worse.
â–  Stance and pace. To make it easier to push or pull, employees should keeptheir feet well away from the load and go no faster than walking speed. This will stop them becoming too tired too quickly. It is difficult to be precise - so many factors vary between jobs, workplaces andpeople. But the general risk assessment guidelines in the next section should help to identify when a more detailed risk assessment is necessary.

How do I know if there’s a risk of injury?

Can you be more definite? It’s a matter of judgement in each case, but there are certain things to look out for, such as people puffing and sweating, excessive fatigue, bad posture, cramped work areas, awkward or heavy loads or a history of back trouble. Operators can often highlight which activities are unpopular, difficult or hard work.
9of 12 pagesGetting to grips with manual handling: A short guide