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Organic chemicals and polymers –Polymerization and organic reforming processes are used to produce desired com- pounds from raw materials. Conversion and purity can be monitored by comparingmeasured density to theoretical density ofthe desired product. Blending of materials – Many powderproducts are shipped and used as blends ofprimary ingredients. The accuracy andreproducibility of the blend can be monitored by comparing the measured densities to the expected density based upon the targetrecipe of primary ingredients. The highdegree of accuracy and precision of theAccuPyc helps ensure that the blends produced at a given plant match the desired recipe, the previous lots of materials, andthose from other locations, regardless of theindustry where these blends are used. Rigid cellular plastics – Closed-cell rigidplastics (foams) exhibit different propertiesbased upon the ratio of open and closed cells. Insulation foams limit thermal con- ductivity through pockets of trapped gases contained within closed pores. Flotation devices, likewise, owe buoyancy to closedair-filled pores that prohibit water entry. Plastic films – Plastic films are producedthrough extrusion of plastic beads. Film quality is related to the amount of encapsu-lated air in the starting beads. Density can beused to determine the quantity of entrapped air. In addition, the degree of crystallinity of the final film can be determined using density.Brittleness of the film increaseswith crystallinity, while strength decreases. Slurries – With knowledge of the dry powder and suspending liquid densities, the quantity of liquid in a slurry mixture can be calculated by measuring the densityof the slurry. Generally it is expensiveto shipexcess liquid in slurries, and then to remove suspending liquid before castingoperations.On the other hand, too little suspendingfluid can lead to difficulty in transporting the slurry due to unfavorable rheological properties of the slurry when the solids con- tent is too high. These rheological proper-ties can be monitored by measuring the den-sity of the slurry.

Gas Displacement Pycnometry System - 30867 Typical AccuPyc II 1340Applications

Calcination Ceramics and powder metallurgy – Many materials undergostructural rearrangement through pressure or temperature treatment, or both. Conversion level can be monitored through density measurement during and at the endof processing. SPC reporting of results facilitates monitoring of product control. Applications include different crystal structures of carbon and ceramics. –Density measurements can be used to deter- mine closed porosity from casting, sintering, and forging operations where parts are made from powdered samples. If the densityof the finished part is significantly less thanthat of the constituent powder, closed pores have formed during the part processing. Pharmaceuticals – Composition of activeand excipient ingredients can be monitoredand controlled through determination ofproduct density. Polymorphic, hydrated, and amorphous forms of products, as well as purity, can be determined by comparing measured density with theoretical and historical values. Coatings – Dried film density can be usedin determination of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content of clear and pig-mented coatings. VOC reporting is requiredby government regulations. In addition, total solids content can be used to determine minimum coverage obtainable with different coating blends. Mixtures of dry pigments can be monitored by comparing measured density with theoretical density based upon composition of the mixture.