The Fundamentals of Industrial Radiography
34Pages

FUJI FILM TECHNICAL HANDBOOK

Nondestructive methods of materials testing has and continues to play a very important role in the remarkable progress made in scientific technology and industry in recent years. Nondestructive methods, assure reliability quality and performance in industrial products and help to improve manufacturing technology and save costs. These methods have acquired such great importance that they are now indispensable in all manufacturing industries, and as such are winning growing recognition. Of all nondestructive methods employed for testing in modern industry radiation penetration is most widely...

THE FUNNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY CONTENTS MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR MAKING RADIOGRAPHS . . . . 1. X-ray and Gamma Ray Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Intensifying Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. enetrameters or Image Quality Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 4. Industrial X-ray Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED 1. X-RAY AND GAMMA RAY SOURCES 1.1 X-rays and Gamma Rays X-rays were discovered by W.C. Rontgen. Tradition has it that Rontgen discovered them by chance when he noticed that a screen painted with barium platinocyanide fluoresced when placed in close proximity to a cathode- h his report Rontgen called the newly discovered rays :iX-rays" to indicate that their nature was unknown. The rays were also later called Rontgen rays in honor of the distinguished achevement. h 1912 M. von Laue and other investigators identified X- rays as electromagnetic waves similar in nature to...

changed, the speed at which electrons strike the target changes causing a change in the nature of the X-rays (Xray energy distribution in relation to spectrum). X-rays which have relatively short wavelengths are called hard X-rays, and those which have relatively long wavelengths soft X-rays. Certain materials emit electrons when struck by highenergy X-rays or gamma rays. These electrons are called secondary electrons and photographic film is sensitive not only to light, X-rays and gamma rays but also to secondary electrons. This phenomenon is utilized in the lead screen. Thin lead foil...

Structural and Functional Diagram Structural and Functional Diagram Structural and Functional Diagram Phosphor Layer Protective Layer Protective Layer Phosphor Layer Phosphor Layer Protective Layer Protective Layer Phosphor Layer 3. PENETRAMETERS OR IMAGE QUALITY A test piece which is referred to as a penetrameter or mage quality indicator is used to obtain radiographs which better serve the purpose of product testing Penetrameters are used as an aid in interpreting the radiographs when the internal conditions of a specimen are to be examined in precise detail. Customarily, test exposures...

4.1 Structure of Industrial X-ray Film X-ray films for industrial radiography consist of an emulsion and a bluetinted base of polyester 175μ thick. The emulsion is coated on both sides of the base in layers and protected on both sides with thin outer protective layers. The emulsion consists of silver halides as the photosensitive material, additives and gelatin. The silver halides form an image when influenced by X-rays, gamma rays, secondary electrons or fluorescent light. In films for general photography the emulsion is coated only on one side of the base, whereas it is coated on both...

Table 1 Classification of X-ray Films Table 2 Types and Features of Fuji Industrial X-ray Films Type of Film Relative Speed] Film Micro-electronic parts, Castings—low to medium atomic number metals. Fuji's finest grain, high contrast ASTM Class Special film having maximum sharpness and discrimination characteristics. It is suitable for new materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics, ceramic products, and micro electronic parts. IX25 is generally used in direct exposure techniques or with lead screens. Electronic parts, Graphite epoxy composites. An ultra-fine grain, high contrast...

stop bath. In radiography a 3% solution of acetic acid is used. If the stop bath is not used, the developer carried over with the film not only increases the exhaustion of the fixer but may become the cause of a lack of processing uniformity or stain formation in the radiograph. When the washed film is dried the processing is completed. After the wash step, water adheres to the film in streaks and drops. If the film is dried in this condition, not only will the drying time be extended but water marks will be left on the radiograph. To reduce drying time and prevent water marks, The FUJIFILM...

Wash Accelerator In roller transport type automatic processors the fixer tank rollers effectively remove fixer from the film surfaces and wash tank rollers provide for continual turnover of fresh water on the film surface so that the necessity of a wash accelerator has not been voiced to date. II. Photographic characteristics of X-ray films Wetting Agent In roller transport type automatic processors the rollers effectively remove the wash water clinging to the surfaces of the film so that the wetting agent is not needed. 1. Photographic Density The degree of blackening of the photographic...

Unexposed Portion: A density which is just noticeable appears in the unexposed areas of processed film and this density is called fog. Toe Region: Underexposed films generally have a density in the range indicated by this section. Straight-line Portion: Properly exposed films generally have a density in the range indicated mainly by the straight-line section and toe. Contrast is most closely related to the straight-line section. Shoulder Region: Overexposed film generally has a density in the range indicated mainly by the shoulder and straight-line portion. Solarization Portion: The density...