| | | a Vacuum breaker prevents vacuum formation and damage to the vessel b Foot valve stops the suction line from running dry when the fuel pump is switched off C Preventing backflow protects against back-flow in the event of malfunction / failure of components | | Ensuring unidirectional flow prevents reverse running when pumps arranged in parallel are switched over Non-return valve action for condensate line prevents banking-up of condensate when the heat exchanger is off, and water hammer within the | | heating surfaces when the plant is started up again E Non-return valve to ensure forced flow Other applications not shown in the schematic: » Vent valve, relief valve » Overflow valve | | |